Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and Infinitives
İsim fiiller ve mastarlar
A gerund is a noun formed from a verb with an –ing ending.
Gerunds have several functions:
Bir isim fiil, bir fiilin sonuna -ing eki getirilmesiyle oluşturulur.
İsim fiillerin birkaç kullanım alanı vardır.

Uses of Gerunds İsim fillerin kullanım alanları
as the subject özne olarak	Horse-racing is his favorite activity. At yarışı onun en sevdiği etkinliktir.Smoking is hazardous to health. Sigara içmek sağlığa zararlıdır.
as the subject özne olarak	Mary loves eating chocolates very much. Mary çikolota yemeyi çok seviyor.The soldiers practice shooting everyday. Askerler her gün atış talimi yapıyorlar.
after prepositions edatlardan sonra	Mary is very fond of playing basketball. Mary basketbol oynamaya düşkündür.Children are bored of playing with the sand. Çocuklar Kumla oynamaktan sıkılmış durumdalar.
after a possessive pronoun bir iyelik zamirinden sonra	Excuse my disturbing you. Sizi rahatsız etmemi mazur görünüz.Their friends clapped at her receiving the first prize. Birincilik ödülünü alınca, arkadaşları onu alkışladılar.
as the complement of the verb "to be" “to be” fiilinin tamamlayıcısı olarak	My hobby is collecting stamps. Benim hobim pul toplamaktır. Your work is answering telephone calls. Senin işin telefonlara cevap vermektir.

Here are some more examples:
The students try to avoid making the mistakes again.
Öğrenciler aynı hatayı tekrar yapmaktan kaçınmaya çalışıyorlar.
I can't stand waiting here for such a long time.
Burada bu kadar uzun bir sure beklemeye dayanamıyorum.
May denied having broken the vase.
May vazoyu kırdığını inkar etti.
The children have finished doing their work.
Çocuklar ödevlerini yapmayı bitirdiler.
The students suggest going for a picnic the next day.
Öğrenciler ertesi gün bir pikniğe gitmeyi teklif ettiler.
I can't tolerate his coming late again.
Yine geç kalmasına tolerans gösteremem.
These verbs are commonly followed by gerunds
Bu fiillerden sonra genellikle isim fiiller gelir

admit	advice	anticipate	appreciate	attempt	avoid
begin	can't help	complete	consider	delay	deny
discuss	dislike	enjoy	finish	forget	go
hate	hasitate	imagine	intend	keep	like
love	mention	mind	miss	neglect	postpone
practice	prefer	quit	recall	recollect	recommend
regret	remember	resent	resist	risk	start
stop	suggest	threaten	tolerate	try	understand

Infinitives
Mastarlar
An infinitive is the simple form of the verb, usually prefaced by the word to.
Mastar fiilin yalın halidir, genellikle fiilin önüne to kelimesi getirilerek oluşturulur.

Uses of Infinitives Mastarların kullanımları
as the subject özne olarak	To win was my hope and my dream. Kazanmak benim umudum ve rüyamdı.To bake a cake for the party is the father's task. Parti için bir pasta pişirmek babanın görevidir.
as the object nesne olarak	I hope to succeed. Başarmayı ümit ediyorum.I want to go home. Eve gitmek istiyorum.
after adjectives sıfatlardan sonra	It is good to talk. Konuşmak iyidir. He was unwilling to share his knowledge with others. Bilgisini diğer insanlarla paylaşmaya isteksizdi.
after an adjective + noun bir sıfat + isimden sonra	This is the right thing to do. Bu yapılması doğru olan şeydir.It was an astonishing way to behave. Bu şaşırtıcı bir şekilde davranmaktı.
used as a shortened form of “in order to” “in order to” ifadesinin kısaltılmışı olarak	You must take this medicine (in order) to get well. İyileşmek için bu ilacı almalısın.She studies a lot (in order) to get good grades. İyi notlar almak için çok çalışır.

Here are some more examples:
Daha fazla örnek:
To argue seems a pointless undertaking.
Tartışmak anlamsız bir girişim gibi gözüküyor.
It appears insensitive to reject the request outright.
Talebi tamamıyla reddetmenin duyarsızlık olduğu görülüyor.
The opportunity to play in the Premier League is too great to resist.
Premier Lig’de oynama fırsatına direnilmesi çok güç bir şey.
She was dismayed to find the bird gone.
Kuşun gittiğini görünce umutsuzluğa kapıldı.
They are eager for us to watch the game.
Oyunu izlememiz için can atıyorlar.
He began to realise what they meant.
Ne demek istediklerini anlamaya başladı.
He can't decide whether to wear the King Kong or Dracula costume to the party.
Partiye King Kong kostümü mü Drakula kostümü mü giyeceğine karar veremez.
These verbs are commonly followed by infinitives
Bu fiillerden sonra genellikle mastarlar kullanılır

afford	agree	appear	arrange	attempt	ask
beg	begin	care	choose	claim	consent
decide	demand	desire	expect	fail	deserve
forget	go	happen	hate	hasitate	hope
intend	know	learn	like	love	manage
mean	need	neglect	offer	plan	prefer
prepare	pretend	promise	refuse	regret	remember
seem	start	stop	struggle	swear	tend
threaten	try	volunteer	wait	want	wish

Infinitive-gerund comparison with some examples
Bazı örneklerle mastar - isim fiil karşılaştırması

	Infinitive Mastar	Gerund İsim fiil
Remember hatırlamak	Indicates the recalling of an action that one has to do in the future. Bir kişinin gelecekte yapacağı bir işi hatırlaması.I must remember to telephone Tom tonight. Bu gece Tom’a telefon etmeyi hatırlamalıyım	Indicates the recalling of an event that has already taken place. Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olayın hatırlanması.I remember telephoning Tom last week to arrange a meeting. Geçen hafta bir buluşma ayarlamak için Tom’a telefon ettiğimi hatırlıyorum.
Regret Pişman olmak, üzgün olmak	IIndicates the regretting of an action that is going to happen. Gelecekte gerçekleşecek bir eylemden ötürü üzgün olmayı ifade eder.We regret to notify you of the news. Size haberi vermekten ötürü üzgünüz.	Indicates the regretting of an event that has already taken place. Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olaydan ötürü pişmanlık hissedildiğini ifade eder.I regret lending her the book. Kitabı ona verdiğim için pişmanım.
Stop Dur	Indicates the temporary stopping of a current action in order to do another action. Süregelen bir eylemin, başka bir eylemi gerçekleştirmek üzere bir süreliğine durdurulduğunu ifade eder.Seeing that there was an accident, Mr. Ho stopped to inform the police. Bir kaza olduğunu görünce, Bay Ho polisi bilgilendirmek üzere durdu.	Indicates the stopping of a current action. Bir eylemin sona erdiğini anlatır."Stop talking!" Ann shouted. Ann “Konuşmayı kesin!” diye bağırdı.

conditionals

• Type 0 | If you heat ice, it melts

1
If you heat ice, it melts = Buzu ısıtırsan erir.
Örnek üzerinden anlatmaya çalışalım:
If you heat ice (=Buzu ısıtırsan)Şartımız bu. Ne olur buzu ısıtırsak? it melts (=erir). Bu, ısıtmanın doğal sonucudur. Dolayısıyla şöyle diyebiliriz: Gerçek zamanlı sebep sonuç ilişkilerini anlatırken kullandığımız yapı Type 0'dır.
2
If he finds money, he drinks = Para bulursa içer.
Bu örneğe göre tanımımızı genişletelim. Burada adamın içmesi şarta bağlanmıştır. Burada da hayali bir durumdan değil gerçek zamanlı gerçek bir durumdan bahsediyoruz.
Kısacası, type 0 yapısını kullanarak gerçek zamanlı şart durumlarını, sebep sonuç ilişkilerini anlatabiliriz.

Bu nasıl bir yapıdır? Bunu da örnekten anlayalım:
If you heat ice --- Bu, geniş zamanda kurulmuş bir cümle.
it melts --- Bu da geniş zamanda kurulmuş bir cümle.
Demek ki;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If you heat ice	it melts
geniş zaman	geniş zaman

Örnekler:
If you heat water, it evaporates = Suyu ısıtırsan buharlaşır.
When I go to the cinema, I feel happy = Sinemaya gittiğimde mutlu olurum. (Type 0'da if yerine when de kullanabiliriz)
If the weather is rainy, I take an umbrella = Hava yağmurluysa şemsiye alırım.
I go out if I am bored = Sıkılırsam dışarı çıkarım. (if'li kısım cümlenin ikinci kısmı da olabilir)
If I don't go to work, I watch TV at home = İşe gitmezsem evde TV seyrederim.

 

• Type 1 | If I see him, I will tell him

If I see him, I will tell him = Onu görürsem söyleyeceğim
Şu olursa bu olacak; şunu yaparsam böyle olacak gibi sonucu gelecekte olan şart cümlelerini bu yapıyla kurarız.

Yapısı;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I see him	I will tell him
geniş zaman	gelecek zaman

ya da

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I see him	I am going to tell him
geniş zaman	gelecek zaman

Örnekler;
If you give me the money, I will give you the pen = Parayı verirsen kalemi vereceğim.
Your mother will be happy if you kiss her hand = Elini öpersen annen mutlu olacak.
If it doesn't rain we will go to the picnic = Yağmur yağmazsa pikniğe gideceğiz.
If we run out of petrol, we won't reach the town = Benzinimiz biterse şehre varamayacağız.
You will get the job if the boss approves of it = Patron onaylarsa işi alacaksın.

 

 

• Type 2 | I would buy a BMW if I were rich

I would buy a BMW if I were rich = Zengin olsam bir BMW alırdım.
Bunu söylerken hayal ediyoruz. Ancak bu geçmişe dönük bir hayal değil; şu an üzerine bir hayal.

Yapısı;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I were rich	I would buy a BMW
geçmiş zaman	would+ fiilin 1. hali

Başka bir örnek;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I had time	I would visit my friend
geçmiş zaman	would+ fiilin 1. hali

Örnekler;
My wife would kill me if I forgot her birthday = Doğum gününü unutsam karım beni öldürürdü. (geçmişte değil herhangi bir zamanda)
She would love him more if he was kind = Kibar olsa [karısı]onu daha çok severdi. (ama kibar değil)
If he didn't know me he wouldn't help me = Beni tanımasa yardım etmezdi (ama tanıyor ve şu an yardım ediyor)
If we were Canadians, we would speak English and Frenh = Kanadalı olsaydık İngilizce ve Fransızca konuşurduk (ama değiliz ve konuşmuyoruz)
If you spoke English, we would give you the job = İngilizce konuşsaydın işi sana verirdik (ama konuşmuyorsun ve vermiyoruz)

 

Type 2 için daha farklı bir anlatım

If konusu ikinci koşul durumunda cümle yapıları aşağıdaki şekildedir:

If + geçmiş zaman, would/could/might + fiil (mastar halde)

If I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of swimming. Eğer deniz kenarında yaşasaydım, çok fazla yüzerdim.

If they asked me to work for them, I might accept. Eğer onlar için çalışmamı isterseler, kabul edebilirim.

If içeren cümle ile diğer cümle yer değiştirebilir.

I would do a lot of swimming if I lived by the sea.

• Buradaki geçmiş zaman, istek kipi anlamındadır. Şu örneklere bakalım:
If I were you, I'd change my job. (Eğer yerinde olsaydım, işimi değiştirirdim.)
• would genellikle 'd şeklinde kısaltılır.

Kullanım Yerleri

İkinci koşul yapısı, genellikle varsayımsal ve de olası olmayan durumlar için kullanılır.

If I worked in that factory, I'd soon change things. Eğer bu fabrikada çalışsaydım, kısa zamanda birçok şeyi değiştirirdim.

If she left her husband, she might be habbier. Eğer kocasından ayrılsa, daha mutlu olacak. (muhtemelen ayrılmayacak)

 

writing answer key

SECTION V—WRITING (12 points)

Part A—Choose the correct answer in parentheses. (3 x 1 = 3 pts.)

1.      The sign says, “Don’t Feed the Pigeons”, but some of the tourists in the park (is / are) feeding them. 

2.      Teaching students with dyslexia (is / are) very difficult because they have many learning problems.

3.      Every “Besi” doll (need / needs) to be a high quality doll, so Zahide Turmaz’s workers check the quality of each one.

Part B--Combine the sentences in each group to make one simple sentence. (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 pts.)

1.      A simple solar power system has eight to ten solar panels.

A simple solar power system costs about 10,000 Turkish liras.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

2.      Zahide Turmaz works at home.

She usually does this.

She does this in the morning.

Zahide Turmaz goes to her office.

She often does this.

She does this in the afternoon.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3.      My flat uses solar power.

My flat is in Istanbul.

My summer house uses solar power.

My summer house is in Ayvalık.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Part C—Combine the sentences using one of these coordinating conjunctions:

or       so       yet       for.  Use correct punctuation. (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 pts.)

1.      Peter has dyslexia. He has learned to read very well.

________________________________________________________________________.

2.      I can carry my cell phone charger with me. I can take my backpack with solar panels.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3.      I don’t know which solar backpack you should buy. I have never used one.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWER KEY FOR CUMULATIVE II (Writing)

 

SECTION V—WRITING (12 points)

Part A—Subject/Verb Agreement (3 x 1 = 3 pts.)

1.      are

2.      is

3.      needs

Part B—Combining Simple Sentences (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 pts.)

Students do not receive any points if they make compound or complex sentences. Take off 0.5 points for each mistake (e.g. punctuation, subject/verb agreement) if they make simple sentences but have other small errors.

1.      A simple solar power system has eight to ten panels and costs about 10,000 Turkish Liras.

2.      Zahide Turmaz usually works at home in the morning and often goes to her office in the afternoon.

3.      My flat in Istanbul and my summer house in Ayvalık use solar power.

Part C—Using Conjunctive Adverbs (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 points)

Students do not receive any points if they use the wrong conjunctive adverb. Take off 0.5

points if a student uses the correct conjunctive adverb but makes a punctuation mistake.

1.      Peter has dyslexia, yet he has learned to read very well.

2.      I can carry my cell phone charger with me or take my backpack with solar panels. OR I can carry my cell phone charger with me, or I can take my backpack with solar panels.

3.      I don’t know which solar backpack you should buy, for I have never used one.

BURADA DERSTEN FARKLI OLERAK WHOM VERİLDİ.  AMA KAFANIZI KARIŞTIRMAK İSTEMİYORSANIZ GEÇİN (İSTERSENİZ ÖNCE DERSTE BEN ANLATAYIM).

Relative clauses'a İngilizce'de Adjectival Clauses diye de telaffuz edilmektedir. Türkçedeki sıfat cümleciği formunun İngilizce halidir. İsminde de görüldüğü gibi bu cümle (cümle olarak) isimlere (ve de değişik cümlelere) sıfatlık yapmaktadır.
Yakışıklı adam
sıfat isim
Hale'nin gördüğü adam
sıfat cümleciği isim
Gençken arabayla hız yapardık ki çok tehlikeliydi.
cümle sıfat cümleciği
Bu bölümde daha çok isimleri niteleyen relative clause ları irdeliyeceğiz, cümleleri niteleyenlerden de söz edeceğiz. İngilizcede iki tür relative clause vardır. Şimdi bunları göz atalım.

2. Defining relative clauses

Bu tür relative claues hangi sorusuna cümle olarak yanıt vermede kullanılır. Ardından gelen ismi nitelendirir. Bu cümlecik olmadığı zaman cümleyi söyleyenin söylemek istediğinde ki anlam anlaşılmaz, cümle eksik olur. Bu yapısıyla relative clause içinde bulunduğu ana cümlenin olmazsa olmazıdır. Bu yüzden virgül içinde telefuz edilmez.
Relative clause ana cümle içerisindeki niteleyecek olduğu ismin hemen ardından gelir ve ondan (relative clause) sonra ana cümlenin sonuna gelir.
İnsanlar cümlede nitelenecek oldukları vakit relative clause who, whom veya that ile başlar. Nitelenen isim kendisini niteleyen relative clause'un öznesi ise who veya that; nesnesi ise who, whom veya that tercih edilir.

3. Relative pronoun who / that as subject

Artık relative pronoun'un cümlenin öznesi olduğu duruma bakalım.
The woman who is sitting in the back of the train is a nurse.
Trenin arka tarafında oturan kadın hemşiredir.
Bu cümle aslında iki cümlenin bir araya gelmesiyle oluşmuştur..
1. The woman is a nurse.
2. The women is sitting at the back of the train.
The woman / who is sitting in the back of the train / is a nurse.
( the man)
Anlaşıldığı üzere "who is sitting at the back on the train" cümlesi bir bütün olarak the woman'ı nitelemekte, ona sıfatlık etmektedir. Birleştirilmiş olan cümlede who, ana cümledeki the woman'in yerine kullanılmaktadır ve sıfat cümlesi olan; who is sitting in the back of the train cümlesinin öznesi haline gelmiştir. Bu tür cümlelerde who nun yerine that tercih edilebilinir. Fakat whom kullanılması uygun olmamaktadır.
The man wants to go to hospital.
Adam hastaneye gitmek istiyor.
The man is wearing a blue hat.
Adam mavi bir şapka takıyor.
The man who / that is wearing a blue hat wants to go to hospital.
Mavi bir şapka takan adam hastaneye gitmek istiyor.

4. Relative pronoun who(m) / that as object

Şimdi de nesne olmasına göz atalım.
The woman whom we saw at the zoo last night is a doctor.
Dün gece hayvanat bahçesinde gördüğümüz kadın doktordur.
Bu cümle de iki cümlenin bir araya gelme durumudur.
1. The woman is a doctor.
2. We saw the man at the zoo last night.
The woman / whom we saw at the zoo last night / is a doctor.
the woman
Anlaşıldığı gibi bu cümlede de whom we saw at the zoo last night cümlesi her şeyiyle tam olarak the woman i nitelemekte, ona sıfatlık yapmaktadır. Birleştirilmiş olan cümlede whom, ana cümledeki the woman ın yerine tercih edilmekte ve sıfat cümlesi olan whom we saw at the zoo last night cümlesinin nesnesi halindedir. Bu tür cümlelerde whom yerine who veya that kullanılır.
The boy is my friend's brother.
Erkek arkadaşımın kardeşidir.
You like the boy very much.
Erkeği çok beğeniyorsun.
The boy whom / who / that you like very much is my friend's brother.
Çok beğendiğin erkek arkadaşımın kardeşidir.
Fakat dikkat edilmesi gereken konu mevcuttur:
The woman who(m) / that my mother is talking to is a pilot.
Annemin konuştuğu kadın pilottur.
Bu cümle iki cümleden oluşmuştur.
1. The woman is a pilot.
2. My mother is talking to the woman.
The woman who(m) / that my mother is talking to is a pilot.
Altı çizilerek belli edilmiş preposition gibi değişik cümlelerde kullanılan değişik preposition'lar da bazen relative clause'ın son bulmasıyla değil başlamasıylada tercih edilebilir. İşte bu durumda yalnızca whom tercih edilir.
The woman to whom my mother is talking is a pilot .
Annemin konuştuğu kadın pilottur.
Bu cümlede whom dan önce to kullanılmıştır. Burada whom yerine who ya da that'i tercih etmek olası değildir.

Şimdi bir örnek daha verelim:
The pilot is our neighbour.
Postacı komşumuzdur.
A dog is running after the postman.
Bir köpek postacıyı kovalıyor.
Bu cümleler iki şekilde birleştirilebilir.
The pilot who(m) / that a dog is running after is our neighbour.
The pilot after whom a dog is running is our neighbour.
Birinci cümlede ister who, ister whom, isterse that tercih edilebilir. Fakat ikinci cümlede sadece whom tercih edilmelidir. who ya da that tercih edilmemelidir.

5. Omission of who(m) / that : "Who(m)" ve "That" olmadan kullanım

Nitelenen ismin kendisini niteleyen cümlenin nesnesi görevini üstlendiği zaman woman who, whom ve that cümleden atılabilir.
The woman who (m) / that we saw at the zoo last week is a teacher . = (The woman we saw at the zoo last week is a teacher.)
The woman to whom my father is talking is a teacher. = (The woman my father is talking to is a teacher.)
The girl who (m) / that you like very much is my friend's sister. = (The girl you like very much is my
friend's sister.)
The teacher after whom a dog is running is our neighbour. = (The teacher a dog is running after is our
neighbour.)

6. Relative pronoun which / that

Canlı olmayan varlıklar ya da insan dışındaki canlılar niteleneceği zaman relative clause, which ya da that ile başlatılır. Nitelenen isim kendisini niteleyen cümlenin öznesi ya da nesnesi olsun bir şey değişmez.

7. Relative pronoun which / that as subject

Şimdi özne olmasına göz atalım.
The table which has very thin legs is very sensitive.
Çok ince bacakları olan masa çok hassastır.

Bu cümle de iki cümleden oluşmuştur.
1. The table is very sensitive.
2. The table has very thin legs.
The table / which has very thin legs / is very sensitive.
the table
Anlaşıldığı üzre which has very thin legs cümlesi bölünmez bir parça olan the table i niteleyip sıfatlık yapmaktadır. Birleştirilmiş olan cümlede which ana cümledeki the table in yerine tercih edilmekte ve sıfat cümlesi olan which has very thin legs cümlesinin öznesi durumuna gelmektedir. Bu tür cümlelerde which'in yanı sıra onun yerine that kullanılabilir.
I want to sit on the table.
Masada oturmak istiyorum.
The table is at the corner.
Masa köşede.
I want to sit on the table which / that is at the corner.
Köşedeki masaya oturmak istiyorum.

8. Relative pronoun which / that as object

Şimdi de nesne olmasına bir göz atalım.
The table which my boy likes has a very hard surface.
Oğlumun sevdiği masanın çok sert bir yüzeyi var.
Bu cümle de iki cümlenin birleştirilmiş halidir.
1. The table has a very hard surface.
2. My boy likes the table.
The table / which my boy likes / has a very hard surface.
Anlaşıldığı üzere bu cümlede de which my boy likes cümlesi, the table i nitelemektedir. Yan yana getirilmiş olan bu cümlede which, ana cümledeki the table in yerine almakta ve sıfat cümlesi olan which my boy likes ın nesnesi halindedir. Bu tür cümlelerde which yerine that tercih edilebilir.
Şimdi değişik bir örnek cümle daha yapalım:
The cat is my friend's cat.
My sister likes the cat much.
The cat which / that my sister likes much is my friend's cat.
Ama bu örnekte da dikkat edilmesi gereken bir noktaya parmak basmakta fayda var.
The diamond which / that we are looking for is very valuable.
Aradığımız elmas çok değerlidir.
Bu cümlede altı çizili olan preposition gibi değişik cümlelerde tercih edilen başka prepositionlar da bazı durumlarda relative clause'ın sonunun yerine başlangıçta yazılabilir. İşte bu hallerde yalnızca which tercih edilir, that tercih edilmez.
The diamond for which we are looking is very valuable.
Bu cümlede which den önce for yer almıştır. Burada which'in dışında that'i tercih etmek olası değildir.
Başka bir benzer cümle daha kuralım..
They are seeing the cat which / that a dog is barking at.
Köpeğin havladığı kediyi izliyorlar.
They are seeing the cat at which a dog is barking.
Köpeğin havladığı kediyi izliyorlar.
Birinci cümlede tercihe göre which, veya that tercih edilebilir.Ama ikinci cümlede which yerine that tercih edilemez.

9. Omission of which / that

Nitelenen isim kendisini niteyelen cümlenin nesnesi durumuna düştüğü zamanlarda which veya that cümleden atılabilir..
The seat which / that my daughter likes has a very hard cushion. = (The seat my daughter likes has a very hard cushion.)
The cat which / that my brother likes much is my friend's cat. = (The cat my brother likes much is my friend's cat. )
The box for which we are seeing is very worthless. = (The box we are seeing for is very worthless.)

10. Relative pronoun "whose"

İnsanlar ya da insanlar dışında ki canlı cansız tüm varlıklar, sahip oldukları bir şeyden söz ederek niteleyeceğimiz vakit whose sözcüğünü tercih ederiz.
1. The woman whose son wants to see you is a friend of mine.
Oğlu sizi görmek isteyen kadın ( benim ) arkadaşımdır.

2. The policeman whose watch a thief stole last week is very sad.
Saatini geçen hafta bir hırzısın çaldığı polis çok üzgündür
.
Şimdi bu birleşik cümlelerin, kendilerini oluşturan cümleleri bir göz atalım.
1. The man is a friend of mine. His son wants to see you.
2. The policeman is very sad. A thief stole his watch last week.
3. You can't sit on the chair whose legs are broken.
Ayakları kırık olan sandalyeye oturamazsın.
You can't sit on the chair. Its legs are broken.
4. The dog whose tail is very long eats more than the others.
Kuyruğu uzun olan köpek diğerlerinden daha çok yiyor.
The dog eats more than the others. Its tail is very long.

11. Relative pronoun "where"

Mekan isimleri niteleneceği zaman at which veya in which yerine where tercih edilebilir.
The house where the actor stays is the most great house in the city.
Aktörün kaldığı ev şehirdeki en büyük evdir.
The room where I was born has at least a fourty bouses.
Doğduğum hastane en azından kırk tane oda vardır.
Bu iki cümleyi ortaya çıkaran cümlelere bir göz atalım:
1. The house is the most great house in the city. The actor stays in that house.
2. The hospital has at least a hundred rooms. I was born in that hospital.

12. Relative pronoun when

Zaman zarfı niteleneceği vakit on which veya in which değilde when tercih edilebilir..
In the week when Sultan Süleyman the Conqueror liberated Istanbul the Christians were very happy.
Sultan Süleyman Belgrad'ı fethettiği yılda hristiyanlarr çok mutluydular.
Sunday is the day when are going to meet.
Pazar buluşacağımız gündür.

http://www.ingilizcedersin.com/relative-clauses.html

-ed / -ing adjectives

A:
-ing ve –ed ile biten birçok sıfat vardır. Örneğin boring ve bored.
Bu örnek üzerinde çalışalım:

Jane has been doing the same job for a very long time. Every day she does exactly the same thing again and again. She doesn't enjoy it any more and would like to do something different.


Jane's job is boring. (Jane’nin işi sıkıcıdır.)
Jane is bored (with her job). (Jane işinden sıkılmış.)

Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else ) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So:

Jane is bored because her job is boring.
(Jane sıkılmış çünkü işi sıkıcı.)

Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored. (not `Jane is boring')
(Jane’in işi sıkıcı, bundan dolayı Jane sıkılmış.)

If a, person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:

George always talks about the same things. He's really boring.
(George her zaman aynı şeyler hakkında konuşur durur. O gerçekten sıkıcı birisi)

B:
-ing ve –ed ile biten sıfatları karşılaştırın:
You can say:

My job is tiring/ boring/satisfying/ depressing/ interesting (etc.)

The -ing adjective tells you about the job.
(-ing takısı alan sıfatlar iş hakkında bir şeyler anlatır.)

You can say:

• I'm bored with my job.
• I'm not interested in my job any more.
• I'm always tired when I finish work.
• I'm not satisfied with my job.
• My job makes me depressed. (etc.)

The -ed adjective tells you how somebody feels (about the job).
(-ed takısı alan sıfatlar ise birisinin iş hakkında ne düşündüğünü anlatır.)

Compare these examples:(Bu örnekleri karşılaştırın)

interesting
Julia thinks politics is very interesting.

interested
Julia is very interested in politics. (not `interesting in politics')

interesting
Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?

interested
Are you interested in buying a car? I'm trying to sell mine.


surprising
It was quite surprising that he passed the examination.

surprised
Everybody was surprised that he passed the examination.


disappointing
The film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better.

disappointed
I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be much better.

shocking
The news was shocking.

shocked
We were very shocked when we heard the news.


Alıştırmalar(cevaplar aşağıda)
A:
Cümleleri tamamlayın. Gerilen kelime + -ing ya da –ed kullanın.

1-- The film wasn't as good as we had expected. (disappoint-)
a -The film was ...disappointing…
b- We were ...disappointed... with the film.

2 --Diana teaches young children. It's a very hard job but she enjoys it. (exhaust-)
a- She enjoys her job but it's often ......
b- At the end of a day's work, she is often .......

3 -- It's been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)
a -This weather is .........
b- This weather makes me .........
c- It's silly to get ..........because of the weather.

4--- Clare is going to the United States next month. She has never been there before. (excit-)
a-- It will be an .............experience for her.
b-- Going to new places is always ..............
c --She is really .............about going to the United States.

B:
Doğru kelimeyi seçin.

1--I was disappointig/ disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better.

2 --Are you interesting / interested in football?

3-- The football match was quite exciting / excited. I enjoyed it.

4-- It's sometimes embarrassing / embarrassed when you have to ask people for money.

5-- Do you easily get embarrassing / embarrassed?

6 --I had never expected to get the job. I was really amazing / amazed when I was offered it.

7-- She has really learnt very fast. She has made astonishing / astonished progress.

8 --I didn't find the situation funny. I was not amusing / amused.

9-- It was a really terrifying / terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very shocking / shocked.

10-- Why do you always look so boring / bored? Is your life really so boring / bored?

11-- He's one of the most boring / bored people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he never says anything interesting / interested.

C:
Kelimelerden birini seçerek cümleleri tamamlayın.

amusing / amused-- confusing / confused-- exhausting / exhausted

annoying / annoyed-- disgusting / disgusted-- interesting / interested

boring / bored-- exciting / excited-- surprising / surprised


1-- He works very hard. It's not ...surprising... that he's always tired.
2-- I've got nothing to do. I'm ...........
3-- The teacher's explanation was ...........Most of the students didn't understand it.
4 --The kitchen hadn't been cleaned for ages. It was really ………….
5 --I seldom visit art galleries. I'm not particularly .............in art.
6-- There's no need to get ..................just because I'm a few minutes late.
7 --The lecture was .......................... I fell asleep.
8 --I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasn't .................
9-- I've been working very hard all day and now I'm ...................
10-- I'm starting a new job next week. I'm quite ......................about it.
11-- Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very .....................
12-- Liz is a very .................person. She knows a lot, she's travelled a lot and she's done lots of different things.


Cevaplar:
A:
2
a exhausting
b exhausted

3
a depressing
b depressed
c depressed

4
a exciting
b exciting
c excited

B:
2 interested
3 exciting
4 embarrassing
5 embarrassed
6 amazed
7 astonishing
8 amused
9 terrifying ... shocked
10 bored ... boring
11 boring ... interesting

C:
2 bored--- 8 interested
3 confusing---- 9 exhausted
4disgusting---- 10 excited
5 interested---- 11 amusing
6 annoyed---- 12 interesting



http://www.ingilizcecin.net/ing-ve-ed-ile-biten-sifatlar-t2051.0.html

Shakespeare Sonnet 18- the very best

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

The difference between Simple past and past continuous

Check the website güven below


http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-paspro

Past continuous

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

Examples:

I was watching TV when she called.
When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption



In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.
I started eating at 6 PM.
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.
USE 3 Parallel Actions



When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

I was studying while he was making dinner.
While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
Were you listening while he was talking?
I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
What were you doing while you were waiting?
Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.

Example:

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"



The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

She was always coming to class late.
He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

I was studying when she called.
While I was studying, she called.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.

Examples:

Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You were just studying when she called.
Were you just studying when she called?

Used to

Used to do

We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

• I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
• Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't.
• I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

We also use it for something that was true but no longer is.

• There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
• She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
• I didn't use to like him but now I do.

'Used to do' is different from 'to be used to doing' and 'to get used to doing'

to be used to doing

We use 'to be used to doing' to say that something is normal, not unusual.

• I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
• Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now.
• They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.

to get used to doing

We use 'to get used to doing' to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.

• I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it.
• She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day.
• I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.

 http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/usedto/menu.php

Should / must

Should / must

1) Should

should is used to give advice ,to make recommendations (tavsiye) or to talk about what we think is right or wrong (bize göre doğru olan şeyleri kapsar).

positive form ; should

eg :

You should eat more slowly.

negative form :shouldn't

eg

You shouldn't work so much.

2) must

must is used to talk about an obligation (zorunluluk) or probability .

positive form : must

eg

You must do your homework .

negative form : mustn't

mustn't is used to forbid (yasaklamak) something ,it is forbidden, it is foolish to do it.

eg

You mustn't be late .


http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-55666.php

Must and Have to: The difference

Both must and have to can be used to express the conclusion that something is certain. Note that have to is more common in American English.

• I must stop smoking. (= I want to stop smoking.) İÇTEN (sizin ifadenizle)
• I have to stop smoking. (= Doctor has asked me to stop smoking.) DIŞTAN
• You really must go to church next Sunday. (I am telling you to.)
• Catholics have to go to church on Sundays. (Their religion tells them to.)

mustn't and don't have to

Don't have to and must not (mustn't) are very different. Don't have to shows a lack of obligation / no rule  (kural ya da zorunluluk yok) eg you don't have to carry your umbrella when it rains (but you can if you want to). Mustn't indicates prohibition (yasaklama- men etme), the existence of a rule saying don't, eg you mustn't chew gum in class (if you do there will be some consequence). Yani sınıfta sakız çiğnersen bunun sonucuna katlanırsın



difference between must and should

Must is stronger than should .

• You must stop smoking. (A command.) emir
  
• You should stop smoking. (A piece of advice.) tavsiye

http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/grammar/should-ought-must.htm


öğrendiklerinizi aşağıda verilen websitelerinde pekiştirebilirsiniz.


http://www.better-english.com/grammar/mustnt.htm

http://www.autoenglish.org/modalverbs/gr.mustnt.pdf cevap anahtarı sayfanın altında