hearsay reporting

Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc., and are often used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present or past, or a time before the time of reporting. Different forms of the infinitive are used to show the relation of the report to the report verb:

e.g. The patient is said to be as well as can be expected. (That’s what people say now about the present situation).

The robbers are thought to have stolen more than £3 million. (That’s what people say now about the past situation).

Last week the Prime Minister was said to be undecided (That’s what people said in the past about the situation then).

Mr Smith was believed to have taken the car by mistake (That’s what people said then about something that had happened earlier).

13. Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words underlined.

1 People say that the company's European division is having a good year.

2 In contrast, they say that the Far East division has been suffering from rising costs.

3 People believe that the company has been talking to a competitor about a possible merger.

4 People know some directors have been thinking on these lines for some time.

5 People believe the CEO. Carl Graham, is making an attempt to focus the business more sharply in some areas.

6 People say he is also looking at the possibility of job cuts.

7 People think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these matters next week.

14. Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.

A)

1 It is said that house prices are too high.

House prices....................................................................................................

2 It is thought that the hospital is short of money.

The hospital.......................................................................................... ,.........

3 It was alleged that the athlete had cheated.

The athlete.......................................................................................................

4 It is reported that the prime minister is resigning.

The prime minister..........................................................................................

5 It is expected that the new sports stadium will be finished soon.

The new sports stadium..................................................................................

6 It is generally considered that sixteen is too young to get married.

Sixteen.............................................................................................................

7 It was thought that the book had been destroyed.

The book.........................................................................................................

8 It is believed that the children had been hiding for two weeks.

The children....................................................................................................

B)

1 Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which people think is the site of buried treasure.

Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which …….........

2 People say that the treasure is in a place called 'the money pit'.

The treasure ………………………………………………

3 People think that pirates buried the treasure centuries ago.

Pirates ………………………………………………………

4 The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people report that a local youth fell into a hole at the foot of a large tree.

The money pit story dates back to 1795, when a local youth………………

5 People believe that he and a friend discovered traces of treasure in the hole.

He and a friend ………………………………………….

6 People say that the two men found a treasure chest in later excavations.

The two men …………………………………………….

7 However, before they could open the chest, people say that water flooded in.

However, before they could open the chest, water ………………………..

8 Since then, people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters have searched for the treasure.

Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters …………………..

9 People think that some explorers found old pieces of metal in the hole.

Some explorers ……………………………………….

10 However, people now report that the pit is a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial fortifications.

However, the pit is now………………………

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Even

USE

When a strong statement is made, the statement is often followed with an example containing "even." The word "even" adds shock, surprise, or excitement to the example.

Examples:

• He loses everything. He even lost his own wedding ring! (Her şeyini kaybetti. Evlilik yüzüğünü bile)
• John has amnesia, and he can't remember anything about the past. He can't even remember his own name! (Adını bile hatırlamıyor.)
• He could become anything. He could even become President of the United States!
• I love that author, and I have all of his books - even the ones which are out of print.

Even though Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob always studied hard. But, unfortunately, he failed the tests.

Even when Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob occassionally studied hard, but it didn't really make a difference. Every time he studied, he still failed.

Even if Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob didn't normally study very hard. But in the rare situation when he did try to study hard, he still failed the test.

• Jerry is never happy. Even though you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You do everything his way, but he is still dissatisfied.
• Jerry is never happy. Even when you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You sometimes try doing things his way, but he is still dissatisfied.
• Jerry is never happy. Even if you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You have tried doing things his way once or twice , but it makes no difference because he is still dissatisfied.

IMPORTANT

These expressions are not always interchangeable; the context of the sentence will affect your choice:

• "Even though" is used when something is always done or a fact is mentioned.
• "Even when" is used when something is occasionally done.
• "Even if" is used when something is rarely done or just imagined.

Even So

USE

"Even so" is very much like the word "but" or "however." "Even so" is different in that it is used with surprising or unexpected results.

Examples:

• She is loud and unfriendly. Even so, I like her.
  She is loud and unfriendly, so it is unexpected that I like her.
• The bed is extremely large and heavy. Even so, Jim managed to carry it into the house by himself.
  It is unexpected that Jim could carry the bed by himself.
• Jane was sick for a couple days in Los Angeles. Even so, she said her trip to the United States was great.
  If she was sick, it is unexpected that she enjoyed her trip.

http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/even.html

AS

Like and as are often confused in English. They can both be used to talk about how things are similar.

Like is followed by a noun or pronoun. For example, "I'm like my sister", or "Like my sister, I have brown eyes."
As is followed by a subject and verb. For example, "She's a good student, as her brother was before her."
However, in spoken English, like is often used instead of as. "She's a good student, like her brother was before her."
As is used with a preposition, such as, "As in the 1960's, the population explosion will cause some problems."
We can use as in certain expressions, such as "as you know", "as you requested", "as we agreed".
We also use as…..as to give comparisons. For example, "He's as clever as his sister."

http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/like-and-as/

used for comparing one person, thing, or situation with another

as...as:

Simon isn’t as tall as his brother.

I don’t play football as much as I used to.

I can’t run as fast as you.

just as:

We all need regular exercise, but a healthy diet is just as important.

half/twice/three times etc as much:

A house in London costs twice as much as a similar house in Liverpool.

the same as:

1 .Barbara’s suggestion was almost exactly the same as mine.

used in particular expressions for emphasizing a quality in someone or something

Her skin was white as snow. (Cildi kar gibi beyaz.)

as tough as old boots

2 spoken used for mentioning that something is already known or has already been talked about

As I was saying, we expect next year to be a good year.

As everyone knows, the farming industry is in serious difficulties. (herkesin bildiği gibi, ...)

3. used for saying that something happens or is done in the same way

I invested the money as you suggested.

Leave everything just as you found it. (herşeyi bulduğun gibi bırak.)

as usual:

Judith was late, as usual. (her zamanki gibi)

4. used for referring to what someone or something does or how they appear

As managing director, I am expected to provide effective leadership. (Yönetici olarak, ....)

5. used for saying that something happens at the same time as something else

As we were sitting down to dinner, the phone rang.

 (When  ya da while gibi kullanılır.)

6. used for giving the reason for something

As it was getting late, we decided to go home. (because gibi kullanılır.)

as for

used for introducing a subject that is related to what you have just been talking  (Yeni bir konuya geçerken. Mesela örnekte olduğu gibi önceden başkaları tasvir edilmiş. Ve sonra şöyle devam edilmiş. Çocuklara gelince, onlar...)

As for the children, they were happy enough to spend all day on the beach.

as if

1. in such a way that something seems to be true
   

   It looks as if it’s going to rain. (Yağmur yağacakmış gibi gözüküyor.)

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/as

omission of relative pronouns

RELATIVE pronoun introduces a relative clause, and it usually has the immediately preceding noun or noun substitute as its antecedent. (Relative pronoun -who,which and so on- tanıtacağı isimden hemen sonra gelir. Ve bunlar bazen silinebilir ve cümle hala dilbilgisi kurallarına uygundur.)
The relative pronouns who, whom, which and that can be omitted (that is, they are treated as understood) when they function as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Let us look at the following three sentences:

(a) He donated some money to a charity that he greatly admired. (“That” is the object of the verb “admired”, so it can be omitted = He donated some money to a charity he greatly admired.)
BURADA OLDUĞU GİBİ RELATIVE PRONOUN DAN SONRA CÜMLE GELİRSE REL. PR. SİLİNEBİLİR. BUNU NASIL ANLARSIN? ÖZNE VE ÇEKİMLİ FİİLİN VARLIĞINI TESPİT EDEREK.

(b) The man whom she quarrelled with was her ex-boyfriend. (“Whom” is the object of the preposition “with”, so it can be omitted = The man she quarrelled with was her ex-boyfriend. However, “whom” cannot be omitted if it is preceded by the preposition: The man with whom she quarrelled was her ex-boyfriend.)

(c) She avoids foods that are too spicy. (“That” is the subject of the verb “are”, so it cannot be omitted.)

Can you identify the relative pronouns that can be omitted in the sentences below? AŞAĞIDA VERİLEN CÜMLELERİN HANGİSİNDE RELATIVE PR. SİLİNEBİLİR?

1. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw parties.

2. My best friend, who is a lawyer, has decided to name her daughter Sue.

3. Drinking is a habit that I detest.

4. The best gift to give a person who has everything is a burglar alarm.

5. A smart husband is one who thinks twice before saying nothing.

6. He is no lawyer who cannot take two sides. (Charles Lamb)

7. Love is a game that two can play and both win. (Eva Gabor)

8. Kindness is one thing which you can’t give away – it comes back to you. (Unknown)

9. She was the good Samaritan who helped me yesterday.

10. He’s the famous ventriloquist whom I told you about.

Answers

The relative pronouns in sentences 3, 7, 8 and 10 can be omitted.



http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2008/8/1/lifefocus/1597593&sec=lifefocus

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and Infinitives
İsim fiiller ve mastarlar
A gerund is a noun formed from a verb with an –ing ending.
Gerunds have several functions:
Bir isim fiil, bir fiilin sonuna -ing eki getirilmesiyle oluşturulur.
İsim fiillerin birkaç kullanım alanı vardır.

Uses of Gerunds İsim fillerin kullanım alanları
as the subject özne olarak	Horse-racing is his favorite activity. At yarışı onun en sevdiği etkinliktir.Smoking is hazardous to health. Sigara içmek sağlığa zararlıdır.
as the subject özne olarak	Mary loves eating chocolates very much. Mary çikolota yemeyi çok seviyor.The soldiers practice shooting everyday. Askerler her gün atış talimi yapıyorlar.
after prepositions edatlardan sonra	Mary is very fond of playing basketball. Mary basketbol oynamaya düşkündür.Children are bored of playing with the sand. Çocuklar Kumla oynamaktan sıkılmış durumdalar.
after a possessive pronoun bir iyelik zamirinden sonra	Excuse my disturbing you. Sizi rahatsız etmemi mazur görünüz.Their friends clapped at her receiving the first prize. Birincilik ödülünü alınca, arkadaşları onu alkışladılar.
as the complement of the verb "to be" “to be” fiilinin tamamlayıcısı olarak	My hobby is collecting stamps. Benim hobim pul toplamaktır. Your work is answering telephone calls. Senin işin telefonlara cevap vermektir.

Here are some more examples:
The students try to avoid making the mistakes again.
Öğrenciler aynı hatayı tekrar yapmaktan kaçınmaya çalışıyorlar.
I can't stand waiting here for such a long time.
Burada bu kadar uzun bir sure beklemeye dayanamıyorum.
May denied having broken the vase.
May vazoyu kırdığını inkar etti.
The children have finished doing their work.
Çocuklar ödevlerini yapmayı bitirdiler.
The students suggest going for a picnic the next day.
Öğrenciler ertesi gün bir pikniğe gitmeyi teklif ettiler.
I can't tolerate his coming late again.
Yine geç kalmasına tolerans gösteremem.
These verbs are commonly followed by gerunds
Bu fiillerden sonra genellikle isim fiiller gelir

admit	advice	anticipate	appreciate	attempt	avoid
begin	can't help	complete	consider	delay	deny
discuss	dislike	enjoy	finish	forget	go
hate	hasitate	imagine	intend	keep	like
love	mention	mind	miss	neglect	postpone
practice	prefer	quit	recall	recollect	recommend
regret	remember	resent	resist	risk	start
stop	suggest	threaten	tolerate	try	understand

Infinitives
Mastarlar
An infinitive is the simple form of the verb, usually prefaced by the word to.
Mastar fiilin yalın halidir, genellikle fiilin önüne to kelimesi getirilerek oluşturulur.

Uses of Infinitives Mastarların kullanımları
as the subject özne olarak	To win was my hope and my dream. Kazanmak benim umudum ve rüyamdı.To bake a cake for the party is the father's task. Parti için bir pasta pişirmek babanın görevidir.
as the object nesne olarak	I hope to succeed. Başarmayı ümit ediyorum.I want to go home. Eve gitmek istiyorum.
after adjectives sıfatlardan sonra	It is good to talk. Konuşmak iyidir. He was unwilling to share his knowledge with others. Bilgisini diğer insanlarla paylaşmaya isteksizdi.
after an adjective + noun bir sıfat + isimden sonra	This is the right thing to do. Bu yapılması doğru olan şeydir.It was an astonishing way to behave. Bu şaşırtıcı bir şekilde davranmaktı.
used as a shortened form of “in order to” “in order to” ifadesinin kısaltılmışı olarak	You must take this medicine (in order) to get well. İyileşmek için bu ilacı almalısın.She studies a lot (in order) to get good grades. İyi notlar almak için çok çalışır.

Here are some more examples:
Daha fazla örnek:
To argue seems a pointless undertaking.
Tartışmak anlamsız bir girişim gibi gözüküyor.
It appears insensitive to reject the request outright.
Talebi tamamıyla reddetmenin duyarsızlık olduğu görülüyor.
The opportunity to play in the Premier League is too great to resist.
Premier Lig’de oynama fırsatına direnilmesi çok güç bir şey.
She was dismayed to find the bird gone.
Kuşun gittiğini görünce umutsuzluğa kapıldı.
They are eager for us to watch the game.
Oyunu izlememiz için can atıyorlar.
He began to realise what they meant.
Ne demek istediklerini anlamaya başladı.
He can't decide whether to wear the King Kong or Dracula costume to the party.
Partiye King Kong kostümü mü Drakula kostümü mü giyeceğine karar veremez.
These verbs are commonly followed by infinitives
Bu fiillerden sonra genellikle mastarlar kullanılır

afford	agree	appear	arrange	attempt	ask
beg	begin	care	choose	claim	consent
decide	demand	desire	expect	fail	deserve
forget	go	happen	hate	hasitate	hope
intend	know	learn	like	love	manage
mean	need	neglect	offer	plan	prefer
prepare	pretend	promise	refuse	regret	remember
seem	start	stop	struggle	swear	tend
threaten	try	volunteer	wait	want	wish

Infinitive-gerund comparison with some examples
Bazı örneklerle mastar - isim fiil karşılaştırması

	Infinitive Mastar	Gerund İsim fiil
Remember hatırlamak	Indicates the recalling of an action that one has to do in the future. Bir kişinin gelecekte yapacağı bir işi hatırlaması.I must remember to telephone Tom tonight. Bu gece Tom’a telefon etmeyi hatırlamalıyım	Indicates the recalling of an event that has already taken place. Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olayın hatırlanması.I remember telephoning Tom last week to arrange a meeting. Geçen hafta bir buluşma ayarlamak için Tom’a telefon ettiğimi hatırlıyorum.
Regret Pişman olmak, üzgün olmak	IIndicates the regretting of an action that is going to happen. Gelecekte gerçekleşecek bir eylemden ötürü üzgün olmayı ifade eder.We regret to notify you of the news. Size haberi vermekten ötürü üzgünüz.	Indicates the regretting of an event that has already taken place. Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olaydan ötürü pişmanlık hissedildiğini ifade eder.I regret lending her the book. Kitabı ona verdiğim için pişmanım.
Stop Dur	Indicates the temporary stopping of a current action in order to do another action. Süregelen bir eylemin, başka bir eylemi gerçekleştirmek üzere bir süreliğine durdurulduğunu ifade eder.Seeing that there was an accident, Mr. Ho stopped to inform the police. Bir kaza olduğunu görünce, Bay Ho polisi bilgilendirmek üzere durdu.	Indicates the stopping of a current action. Bir eylemin sona erdiğini anlatır."Stop talking!" Ann shouted. Ann “Konuşmayı kesin!” diye bağırdı.

conditionals

• Type 0 | If you heat ice, it melts

1
If you heat ice, it melts = Buzu ısıtırsan erir.
Örnek üzerinden anlatmaya çalışalım:
If you heat ice (=Buzu ısıtırsan)Şartımız bu. Ne olur buzu ısıtırsak? it melts (=erir). Bu, ısıtmanın doğal sonucudur. Dolayısıyla şöyle diyebiliriz: Gerçek zamanlı sebep sonuç ilişkilerini anlatırken kullandığımız yapı Type 0'dır.
2
If he finds money, he drinks = Para bulursa içer.
Bu örneğe göre tanımımızı genişletelim. Burada adamın içmesi şarta bağlanmıştır. Burada da hayali bir durumdan değil gerçek zamanlı gerçek bir durumdan bahsediyoruz.
Kısacası, type 0 yapısını kullanarak gerçek zamanlı şart durumlarını, sebep sonuç ilişkilerini anlatabiliriz.

Bu nasıl bir yapıdır? Bunu da örnekten anlayalım:
If you heat ice --- Bu, geniş zamanda kurulmuş bir cümle.
it melts --- Bu da geniş zamanda kurulmuş bir cümle.
Demek ki;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If you heat ice	it melts
geniş zaman	geniş zaman

Örnekler:
If you heat water, it evaporates = Suyu ısıtırsan buharlaşır.
When I go to the cinema, I feel happy = Sinemaya gittiğimde mutlu olurum. (Type 0'da if yerine when de kullanabiliriz)
If the weather is rainy, I take an umbrella = Hava yağmurluysa şemsiye alırım.
I go out if I am bored = Sıkılırsam dışarı çıkarım. (if'li kısım cümlenin ikinci kısmı da olabilir)
If I don't go to work, I watch TV at home = İşe gitmezsem evde TV seyrederim.

 

• Type 1 | If I see him, I will tell him

If I see him, I will tell him = Onu görürsem söyleyeceğim
Şu olursa bu olacak; şunu yaparsam böyle olacak gibi sonucu gelecekte olan şart cümlelerini bu yapıyla kurarız.

Yapısı;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I see him	I will tell him
geniş zaman	gelecek zaman

ya da

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I see him	I am going to tell him
geniş zaman	gelecek zaman

Örnekler;
If you give me the money, I will give you the pen = Parayı verirsen kalemi vereceğim.
Your mother will be happy if you kiss her hand = Elini öpersen annen mutlu olacak.
If it doesn't rain we will go to the picnic = Yağmur yağmazsa pikniğe gideceğiz.
If we run out of petrol, we won't reach the town = Benzinimiz biterse şehre varamayacağız.
You will get the job if the boss approves of it = Patron onaylarsa işi alacaksın.

 

 

• Type 2 | I would buy a BMW if I were rich

I would buy a BMW if I were rich = Zengin olsam bir BMW alırdım.
Bunu söylerken hayal ediyoruz. Ancak bu geçmişe dönük bir hayal değil; şu an üzerine bir hayal.

Yapısı;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I were rich	I would buy a BMW
geçmiş zaman	would+ fiilin 1. hali

Başka bir örnek;

Şart Cümlesi
Şart	Sonuç
If I had time	I would visit my friend
geçmiş zaman	would+ fiilin 1. hali

Örnekler;
My wife would kill me if I forgot her birthday = Doğum gününü unutsam karım beni öldürürdü. (geçmişte değil herhangi bir zamanda)
She would love him more if he was kind = Kibar olsa [karısı]onu daha çok severdi. (ama kibar değil)
If he didn't know me he wouldn't help me = Beni tanımasa yardım etmezdi (ama tanıyor ve şu an yardım ediyor)
If we were Canadians, we would speak English and Frenh = Kanadalı olsaydık İngilizce ve Fransızca konuşurduk (ama değiliz ve konuşmuyoruz)
If you spoke English, we would give you the job = İngilizce konuşsaydın işi sana verirdik (ama konuşmuyorsun ve vermiyoruz)

 

Type 2 için daha farklı bir anlatım

If konusu ikinci koşul durumunda cümle yapıları aşağıdaki şekildedir:

If + geçmiş zaman, would/could/might + fiil (mastar halde)

If I lived by the sea, I would do a lot of swimming. Eğer deniz kenarında yaşasaydım, çok fazla yüzerdim.

If they asked me to work for them, I might accept. Eğer onlar için çalışmamı isterseler, kabul edebilirim.

If içeren cümle ile diğer cümle yer değiştirebilir.

I would do a lot of swimming if I lived by the sea.

• Buradaki geçmiş zaman, istek kipi anlamındadır. Şu örneklere bakalım:
If I were you, I'd change my job. (Eğer yerinde olsaydım, işimi değiştirirdim.)
• would genellikle 'd şeklinde kısaltılır.

Kullanım Yerleri

İkinci koşul yapısı, genellikle varsayımsal ve de olası olmayan durumlar için kullanılır.

If I worked in that factory, I'd soon change things. Eğer bu fabrikada çalışsaydım, kısa zamanda birçok şeyi değiştirirdim.

If she left her husband, she might be habbier. Eğer kocasından ayrılsa, daha mutlu olacak. (muhtemelen ayrılmayacak)

 

writing answer key

SECTION V—WRITING (12 points)

Part A—Choose the correct answer in parentheses. (3 x 1 = 3 pts.)

1.      The sign says, “Don’t Feed the Pigeons”, but some of the tourists in the park (is / are) feeding them. 

2.      Teaching students with dyslexia (is / are) very difficult because they have many learning problems.

3.      Every “Besi” doll (need / needs) to be a high quality doll, so Zahide Turmaz’s workers check the quality of each one.

Part B--Combine the sentences in each group to make one simple sentence. (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 pts.)

1.      A simple solar power system has eight to ten solar panels.

A simple solar power system costs about 10,000 Turkish liras.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

2.      Zahide Turmaz works at home.

She usually does this.

She does this in the morning.

Zahide Turmaz goes to her office.

She often does this.

She does this in the afternoon.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3.      My flat uses solar power.

My flat is in Istanbul.

My summer house uses solar power.

My summer house is in Ayvalık.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Part C—Combine the sentences using one of these coordinating conjunctions:

or       so       yet       for.  Use correct punctuation. (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 pts.)

1.      Peter has dyslexia. He has learned to read very well.

________________________________________________________________________.

2.      I can carry my cell phone charger with me. I can take my backpack with solar panels.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

3.      I don’t know which solar backpack you should buy. I have never used one.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

ANSWER KEY FOR CUMULATIVE II (Writing)

 

SECTION V—WRITING (12 points)

Part A—Subject/Verb Agreement (3 x 1 = 3 pts.)

1.      are

2.      is

3.      needs

Part B—Combining Simple Sentences (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 pts.)

Students do not receive any points if they make compound or complex sentences. Take off 0.5 points for each mistake (e.g. punctuation, subject/verb agreement) if they make simple sentences but have other small errors.

1.      A simple solar power system has eight to ten panels and costs about 10,000 Turkish Liras.

2.      Zahide Turmaz usually works at home in the morning and often goes to her office in the afternoon.

3.      My flat in Istanbul and my summer house in Ayvalık use solar power.

Part C—Using Conjunctive Adverbs (3 x 1.5 = 4.5 points)

Students do not receive any points if they use the wrong conjunctive adverb. Take off 0.5

points if a student uses the correct conjunctive adverb but makes a punctuation mistake.

1.      Peter has dyslexia, yet he has learned to read very well.

2.      I can carry my cell phone charger with me or take my backpack with solar panels. OR I can carry my cell phone charger with me, or I can take my backpack with solar panels.

3.      I don’t know which solar backpack you should buy, for I have never used one.