sentence connectors

İngilizce’deki cümle bağlaçları, cümleleri birbirine bağlayan, cümleler arasında geçişi sağlayan sözcüklerdir. Bunların cümlede çeşitli görevleri vardır. Şimdi bunları işlevlerine göre inceleyelim.
1. Contrast (zıtlık)
However
Brian is very hard-working. However, his brother is very lazy.Brian çok çalışkan. Bununla birlikte/gel gör ki/gelgelelim/buna mukabil, kardeşi çok tembel.
On the other hand
The job wasn’t very interesting, but on the other hand it was well-paid.İş pek ilginç değildi ama diğer taraftan/öte yandan parası iyiydi.
Conversely
Some wrong answers were marked right and, conversely, some right answers had been rejected.Bazı yanlış cevaplar doğru olarak işaretlenmişti, buna mukabil/diğer taraftan, bazı doğru cevaplar da yanlış kabul edilmişti.
In contrast
Extroverts like crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.Dışadönükler kalabalık severler. Buna mukabil/buna karşın, içedönükler yalnızlığı tercih ederler.
Nevertheless
It is a difficult race. Nevertheless, about 500 runners participate every year.Zor bir yarış. Bununla birlikte/yine de/buna rağmen her yıl yaklaşık 500 atlet (bu yarışa) katılır.
Nonetheless
My sister studied diligently for several months. Nonetheless she failed.Kızkardeşim aylarca çok çalıştı. Bununla birlikte/yine de/buna rağmen sınıfta kaldı.
Yet
The novel is 750 pages long, yet it reads more quickly than many shorter books.Roman 750 sayfa uzunluğunda ama/yine de/buna rağmen birçok kısa kitaptan daha çabuk okunuyor.
Even so
Crashes are rare, but even so, there should be stricker safety regulations.Kazalar nadiren oluyor ama yine de/buna rağmen daha sıkı güvenlik kurallarının olması lazım.
Still
I hadn’t seen her for 20 years. Still, I recognized her immediately when I saw her.Onu 20 yıl görmemiştim. Yine de/buna rağmen/bununla birlikte onu görünce hemen tanıdım.
In spite of this
My grandfather is 80 years old. In spite of this, he leads an active life.Büyükbabam 80 yaşında. Buna rağmen aktif bir yaşam sürüyor.
2. Result (sonuç)
As a consequence/result
She has lived in Spain, and as a consequence/result speaks Spanish fluently.İspanya’da yaşıyor ve bunun sonucu olarak/bu nedenle İspanyolca’yı akıcı konuşuyor.
Accordingly
No formal complaint was made; accordingly, the police took no action.Resmi bir şikayette bulunulmadı; bu yüzden polis işlem yapmadı.
Consequently
They’ve increased the number of staff and consequently the service is better.Personel sayısını artırdılar ve bunun sonucu olarak servis düzeldi.
Therefore
This is a binding contract. Therefore, we recommend that you review it with a lawyer.Bu, bağlayıcı bir sözleşme. Bu yüzden, bunu bir avukatla incelemenizi öneririz.
Thus
Someone had removed all the evidence. Thus, it was now impossible for the police to continue their investigation.Birisi bütün delilleri yok etmiş. Bu yüzden polisin soruşturmasına devam etmesi artık olanaksızdı.
Hence
Mr. Taylor is an outstanding teacher. Hence, he is highly respected.Bay Taylor seçkin bir öğretmendir. Bu yüzden son derece saygı görür.
3. Addition and listing (ekleme ve listeleme)
Besides
I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money.Alışverişe gitmek istemiyorum. Üstelik param yok.
Furthermore
He has earned the respect of farmers everywhere. Furthermore, they know they can trust him.Her yerde çiftçilerin saygısını kazandı. Ayrıca ona güvenebileceklerini biliyorlar.
Further
The new service will be considerably more expensive. Further, it will only be available in certain areas.Yeni hizmet, çok daha pahalı olacak. Üstelik/ayrıca/bundan başka, yalnızca belli bölgelerde kullanılabilecek.
Moreover
There is growing opposition to capital punishment. Moreover, there is now evidence that many executed prisoners were innocent.Ölüm cezasına, artan bir muhalefet var. Ayrıca/üstelik, idam edilmiş pek çok mahkumun masum olduğuna dair kanıt var.
Also
My brother plays basketball. Also, he runs a small hotel in the south.Kardeşim basketbol oynuyor. Ayrıca güneyde küçük bir otel işletiyor.
In addition
She is a famous novelist. In addition, she writes articles for a local newspaper.O, ünlü bir romancı. Ayrıca, yerel bir gazeteye makale yazıyor.
Firstly/Secondly/ThirdlyFirst/Second/ThirdIn the first place/In the second place/In the third place
There are several reasons why I don’t want to buy this car. Firstly/First/In the first place, it looks awful. Secondly/Second/In the second place, it is unreliable. Thirdly/Third/In the third place, İt is expensive.Bu arabayı almak istemeyişimin pek çok nedeni var. Birincisi, görüntüsü kötü. İkincisi, sağlam değil. Üçüncüsü, pahalı.
To begin with
What was it you didn’t like?Beğenmediğin neydi?/Neyi beğenmedin?Well, to begin with, our room was far too small. Şey, öncelikle/birincisi/her şeyden önce/bir kere, odamız küçücüktü.
4. Time (zaman)
Meanwhile
The hurricane will reach the island this evening. Meanwhile, residents are being evacuated.Kasırga bu akşam adaya ulaşacak. Bu arada, ada sakinleri tahliye ediliyor.
In the meantime
The party is Saturday, but in the meantime we have to shop and prepare the food.Parti cumartesi günü ama bu arada bizim alışverişe çıkıp yiyecekleri hazırlamamız lazım.
At first/Later
At first, I didn’t believe a word of his story. Later, I understood that he was telling the truth.Önce/başta anlattıklarının tek kelimesine inanmadım. Sonra doğru söylediğini anladım.
Then
First cook the onions, then add the mushrooms.Önce soğanları pişirin, sonra mantarları ekleyin.
Afterwards
I watched a film on TV. Afterwards I went out to meet my friends.Televizyonda bir film izledim. Daha sonra/ardından arkadaşlarla buluşmak için dışarı çıktım.
5. Exemplification (örnekleme)
For example/For instance
Women generally live longer than men. For example/for instance, in the USA life expectancy for women is 75, while it is 73 for men.Genellikle kadınlar erkeklerden uzun yaşar. Örneğin/mesela, ABD’de erkekler için ortalama ömür 73 iken kadınlar için 75’tir.
To illustrate
Floods can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the flood which occurred in Germany in 1962 devastated particularly the city of Hamburg, killing 315 people.Seller son derece yıkıcı olabilmektedirler. Örneğin/mesela/örneklemek gerekirse, 1962’de Almanya’da meydana gelen sel, özellikle Hamburg kentini mahvetmiş ve 315 kişinin ölümüne neden olmuştur.
6. Particularization (özellik bildirme)
In particular
Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular, one can find specialty items that larger stores do not contain.Küçük pazarlardan alışveriş yapmak avantajlıdır. Özellikle/bilhassa, insan, büyük mağazalarda olmayan özel ürünleri bulabilir.
Specifically
We had to arrange several details for the journey. Specifically, we had to make plane and train reservations as well as decide on the final itinerary.Yolculuk için birçok ayrıntıyı ayarlamak zorundaydık. Özellikle/bilhassa, nihai yolculuk programına karar vermenin yanı sıra uçak ve tren rezervasyonlarını da yapmak zorundaydık.
7. Explanation (açıklama)
That is (to say)
Some wines have proprietary names; that is (to say) their names were created by the producers.Bazı şaraplar sahiplerinin adlarını taşırlar; yani/şöyle ki, adları üreticileri tarafından konulmuştur.
Namely
Some groups, namely students and pensioners, will benefit from the new tax.Yeni vergiden bazı gruplar, yani öğrenciler ve emekliler, yararlanacak.
In other words
They asked him to leave; in other words he was fired.Ondan ayrılmasını istediler; başka bir deyişle/yani/anlayacağın kovuldu.
8. Similarity (benzerlik)
Likewise
You can’t teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can’t build a system of values in the current educational climate.Bir fırtınanın ortasında denizciliği öğretemezsiniz. Aynı biçimde, şu anki eğitim ortamında değerler sistemini inşa edemezsiniz.
Similarly
Cars must stop at red traffic lights; similarly, bicycles should stop, too.Arabaların kırmızı ışıkta durmaları gerekir; aynı biçimde bisikletlerin de durmaları gerekir.
Correspondingly
The service is better and correspondingly more expensive.Servis daha iyi ve buna bağlı olarak/paralel olarak daha pahalı.
By the same token
I don’t think that prices will go up really sharply but, by the same token, I don’t see them going down much lower either.Fiyatların gerçekten çok artacağını sanmıyorum ama aynı biçimde, daha düşeceklerini de öngörmüyorum.
9. Emphasis (vurgu)
In fact
He is quite rich. In fact, he is one of the richest people in England.Bayağı zengin. Aslında/Aslına bakılırsa, İngiltere’nin en zenginlerinden.
As a matter of fact
I like swimming. As a matter of fact, it is my favourite pastime.Yüzmeyi severim. Aslında/Aslına bakılırsa, yüzme benim en sevdiğim uğraşım.
Indeed
Brian is a very talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary gift for music.Brian çok yetenekli bir müzisyen. Aslında/Doğrusu, müziğe karşı olağanüstü bir yeteneği var.
10. Refutation (aksini söyleme, çürütme)
On the contrary
‘The party must have been terrible.’ ‘On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute.’‘Parti kesin berbattı.’ ‘Aksine/Tam tersine her dakikasından zevk aldım.’
11. Reformulation (farklı açıklama yapma)
In other words
They asked him to leave. In other words, he was fired.Ondan ayrılmasını istediler. Başka bir deyişle/ifadeyle, kovuldu.
12. Correction (doğrulama)
Rather
This system must be improved. Rather, it must be thoroughly changed.Bu sistem düzeltilmeli. Daha doğrusu, tamamen değiştirilmeli.
In the end, she had to walk__or rather run__to the office.Sonunda ofise yürümek__daha doğrusu_koşmak zorunda kaldı.
To be (more) precise
The shelf is about a metre long__well 98 cm, to be precise.Rafın uzunluğu yaklaşık bir metre__tam söylemek gerekirse/tam olarak 98 cm.
13. Transition (geçiş)
As for
As for the festival itself, it is a joyful celebration of the traditions of this city.Festivale gelince, (festival) bu kentin geleneklerinin coşkulu bir kutlaması.
As far as … is concerned
I make the decisions as far as finance is concerned.Finans konusunda/Finansa gelince kararları ben veriyorum.
Regarding
Call me if you have any problems regarding your work.İşinle ilgili herhangi bir sorunun olursa beni ara.
With respect to
The two groups were similar with respect to income and status.İki grup, gelir ve statü bakımından birbirlerine benziyordu.
As regards
As regards the potential energy crisis__why aren’t we putting money into serious alternative sources of energy?Muhtemel enerji krizi ile ilgili olarak niye ciddi alternatif enerji kaynaklarına para yatırmıyoruz?
With regard to
With regard to quality, Samsung is far better than Crea.Kalite bakımından/Kaliteye gelince Samsung, Crea’dan çok daha iyidir.
14. Alternative (alternatif)
Alternatively
The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.Acente, sizin için seyahat ayarlamalarını yapacak. Alternatif olarak/İsterseniz kendi ulaşımınızı kendiniz organize edebilirsiniz.
15. Negative condition (olumsuz koşul)
Or else
I must leave now, or else I will be late for the meeting.Şimdi çıkmam lazım, yoksa toplantıya geç kalacağım.
Otherwise
My parents lent me the money. Otherwise I couldn’t have afforded the trip.Parayı bana annemle babam verdi. Yoksa/Aksi takdirde geziyi karşılayamazdım.
16. Summation/Conclusion (özet, sonuç)
In conclusion
The system lacked originality and efficiency. In conclusion, it was a complete failure.Sistem, orijinallikten ve verimlilikten yoksundu. Sonuç olarak, tam bir başarısızlıktı.
In short
His novels belong to a great but vanished age. In short, they are old-fashioned.Romanları, büyük ama yok olmuş bir çağa ait. Kısacası, demodeler.
In brief
The plan is to change the radio station’s style; in brief less talk and more music.Plan, radyo istasyonunun tarzını değiştirecek; kısacası, özetle az konuşma çok müzik.
In summary
The music was bad and the singer was inexperienced. In summary it was a disappointing performance.Müzik kötüydü ve şarkıcı acemiydi. Kısacası konser hayal kırıklığı yarattı.
All in all
Dr. David Bellamy, who was the guest speaker, gave an interesting and important talk on AIDS. All in all it was a very successful conference.Konuk konuşmacı olan Dr. David Bellamy, AIDS konusunda ilginç ve önemli bir konuşma yaptı. Sonuç olarak çok başarılı bir konferans oldu.
To sum up
To sum up, there are three main ways of tackling this problem.Özetle, bu sorunu ele almanın üç temel yolu var.

hearsay reporting

Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc., and are often used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present or past, or a time before the time of reporting. Different forms of the infinitive are used to show the relation of the report to the report verb:

e.g. The patient is said to be as well as can be expected. (That’s what people say now about the present situation).

The robbers are thought to have stolen more than £3 million. (That’s what people say now about the past situation).

Last week the Prime Minister was said to be undecided (That’s what people said in the past about the situation then).

Mr Smith was believed to have taken the car by mistake (That’s what people said then about something that had happened earlier).

13. Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words underlined.

1 People say that the company's European division is having a good year.

2 In contrast, they say that the Far East division has been suffering from rising costs.

3 People believe that the company has been talking to a competitor about a possible merger.

4 People know some directors have been thinking on these lines for some time.

5 People believe the CEO. Carl Graham, is making an attempt to focus the business more sharply in some areas.

6 People say he is also looking at the possibility of job cuts.

7 People think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these matters next week.

14. Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.

A)

1 It is said that house prices are too high.

House prices....................................................................................................

2 It is thought that the hospital is short of money.

The hospital.......................................................................................... ,.........

3 It was alleged that the athlete had cheated.

The athlete.......................................................................................................

4 It is reported that the prime minister is resigning.

The prime minister..........................................................................................

5 It is expected that the new sports stadium will be finished soon.

The new sports stadium..................................................................................

6 It is generally considered that sixteen is too young to get married.

Sixteen.............................................................................................................

7 It was thought that the book had been destroyed.

The book.........................................................................................................

8 It is believed that the children had been hiding for two weeks.

The children....................................................................................................

B)

1 Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which people think is the site of buried treasure.

Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which …….........

2 People say that the treasure is in a place called 'the money pit'.

The treasure ………………………………………………

3 People think that pirates buried the treasure centuries ago.

Pirates ………………………………………………………

4 The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people report that a local youth fell into a hole at the foot of a large tree.

The money pit story dates back to 1795, when a local youth………………

5 People believe that he and a friend discovered traces of treasure in the hole.

He and a friend ………………………………………….

6 People say that the two men found a treasure chest in later excavations.

The two men …………………………………………….

7 However, before they could open the chest, people say that water flooded in.

However, before they could open the chest, water ………………………..

8 Since then, people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters have searched for the treasure.

Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters …………………..

9 People think that some explorers found old pieces of metal in the hole.

Some explorers ……………………………………….

10 However, people now report that the pit is a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial fortifications.

However, the pit is now………………………

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Even

USE

When a strong statement is made, the statement is often followed with an example containing "even." The word "even" adds shock, surprise, or excitement to the example.

Examples:

• He loses everything. He even lost his own wedding ring! (Her şeyini kaybetti. Evlilik yüzüğünü bile)
• John has amnesia, and he can't remember anything about the past. He can't even remember his own name! (Adını bile hatırlamıyor.)
• He could become anything. He could even become President of the United States!
• I love that author, and I have all of his books - even the ones which are out of print.

Even though Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob always studied hard. But, unfortunately, he failed the tests.

Even when Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob occassionally studied hard, but it didn't really make a difference. Every time he studied, he still failed.

Even if Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob didn't normally study very hard. But in the rare situation when he did try to study hard, he still failed the test.

• Jerry is never happy. Even though you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You do everything his way, but he is still dissatisfied.
• Jerry is never happy. Even when you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You sometimes try doing things his way, but he is still dissatisfied.
• Jerry is never happy. Even if you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You have tried doing things his way once or twice , but it makes no difference because he is still dissatisfied.

IMPORTANT

These expressions are not always interchangeable; the context of the sentence will affect your choice:

• "Even though" is used when something is always done or a fact is mentioned.
• "Even when" is used when something is occasionally done.
• "Even if" is used when something is rarely done or just imagined.

Even So

USE

"Even so" is very much like the word "but" or "however." "Even so" is different in that it is used with surprising or unexpected results.

Examples:

• She is loud and unfriendly. Even so, I like her.
  She is loud and unfriendly, so it is unexpected that I like her.
• The bed is extremely large and heavy. Even so, Jim managed to carry it into the house by himself.
  It is unexpected that Jim could carry the bed by himself.
• Jane was sick for a couple days in Los Angeles. Even so, she said her trip to the United States was great.
  If she was sick, it is unexpected that she enjoyed her trip.

http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/even.html

AS

Like and as are often confused in English. They can both be used to talk about how things are similar.

Like is followed by a noun or pronoun. For example, "I'm like my sister", or "Like my sister, I have brown eyes."
As is followed by a subject and verb. For example, "She's a good student, as her brother was before her."
However, in spoken English, like is often used instead of as. "She's a good student, like her brother was before her."
As is used with a preposition, such as, "As in the 1960's, the population explosion will cause some problems."
We can use as in certain expressions, such as "as you know", "as you requested", "as we agreed".
We also use as…..as to give comparisons. For example, "He's as clever as his sister."

http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/like-and-as/

used for comparing one person, thing, or situation with another

as...as:

Simon isn’t as tall as his brother.

I don’t play football as much as I used to.

I can’t run as fast as you.

just as:

We all need regular exercise, but a healthy diet is just as important.

half/twice/three times etc as much:

A house in London costs twice as much as a similar house in Liverpool.

the same as:

1 .Barbara’s suggestion was almost exactly the same as mine.

used in particular expressions for emphasizing a quality in someone or something

Her skin was white as snow. (Cildi kar gibi beyaz.)

as tough as old boots

2 spoken used for mentioning that something is already known or has already been talked about

As I was saying, we expect next year to be a good year.

As everyone knows, the farming industry is in serious difficulties. (herkesin bildiği gibi, ...)

3. used for saying that something happens or is done in the same way

I invested the money as you suggested.

Leave everything just as you found it. (herşeyi bulduğun gibi bırak.)

as usual:

Judith was late, as usual. (her zamanki gibi)

4. used for referring to what someone or something does or how they appear

As managing director, I am expected to provide effective leadership. (Yönetici olarak, ....)

5. used for saying that something happens at the same time as something else

As we were sitting down to dinner, the phone rang.

 (When  ya da while gibi kullanılır.)

6. used for giving the reason for something

As it was getting late, we decided to go home. (because gibi kullanılır.)

as for

used for introducing a subject that is related to what you have just been talking  (Yeni bir konuya geçerken. Mesela örnekte olduğu gibi önceden başkaları tasvir edilmiş. Ve sonra şöyle devam edilmiş. Çocuklara gelince, onlar...)

As for the children, they were happy enough to spend all day on the beach.

as if

1. in such a way that something seems to be true
   

   It looks as if it’s going to rain. (Yağmur yağacakmış gibi gözüküyor.)

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/as

omission of relative pronouns

RELATIVE pronoun introduces a relative clause, and it usually has the immediately preceding noun or noun substitute as its antecedent. (Relative pronoun -who,which and so on- tanıtacağı isimden hemen sonra gelir. Ve bunlar bazen silinebilir ve cümle hala dilbilgisi kurallarına uygundur.)
The relative pronouns who, whom, which and that can be omitted (that is, they are treated as understood) when they function as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Let us look at the following three sentences:

(a) He donated some money to a charity that he greatly admired. (“That” is the object of the verb “admired”, so it can be omitted = He donated some money to a charity he greatly admired.)
BURADA OLDUĞU GİBİ RELATIVE PRONOUN DAN SONRA CÜMLE GELİRSE REL. PR. SİLİNEBİLİR. BUNU NASIL ANLARSIN? ÖZNE VE ÇEKİMLİ FİİLİN VARLIĞINI TESPİT EDEREK.

(b) The man whom she quarrelled with was her ex-boyfriend. (“Whom” is the object of the preposition “with”, so it can be omitted = The man she quarrelled with was her ex-boyfriend. However, “whom” cannot be omitted if it is preceded by the preposition: The man with whom she quarrelled was her ex-boyfriend.)

(c) She avoids foods that are too spicy. (“That” is the subject of the verb “are”, so it cannot be omitted.)

Can you identify the relative pronouns that can be omitted in the sentences below? AŞAĞIDA VERİLEN CÜMLELERİN HANGİSİNDE RELATIVE PR. SİLİNEBİLİR?

1. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw parties.

2. My best friend, who is a lawyer, has decided to name her daughter Sue.

3. Drinking is a habit that I detest.

4. The best gift to give a person who has everything is a burglar alarm.

5. A smart husband is one who thinks twice before saying nothing.

6. He is no lawyer who cannot take two sides. (Charles Lamb)

7. Love is a game that two can play and both win. (Eva Gabor)

8. Kindness is one thing which you can’t give away – it comes back to you. (Unknown)

9. She was the good Samaritan who helped me yesterday.

10. He’s the famous ventriloquist whom I told you about.

Answers

The relative pronouns in sentences 3, 7, 8 and 10 can be omitted.



http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2008/8/1/lifefocus/1597593&sec=lifefocus