reporting verbs

The grammar structures shown with these verbs are not necessarily the only structures possible.These are the most usual.

accuse

to accuse someone of doing something

"It was you who ate my chocolate, Elvira, wasn't it?"
He accused Elvira of eating his chocolate.

admit

to admit doing something
to admit that...

"OK, it was me. I ate your chocolate"
Elvira admitted eating the chocolate.
Elvira admitted that she had eaten the chocolate.

advise

to advise someone to do something

"Well, if I were you I'd start saving for my retirement."
He advised me to start saving for my retirement

agree

to agree that...

"Yes, you're right, it's a terrible problem."
She agreed that it was a terrible problem.

announce

to announce that...

"I'm afraid I've got some bad news. The company's closing."
The manager announced that the company was closing.

apologise
 to apologise (to someone) for doing something

"I'm sorry I didn't get to the meeting."
He apologised for not going to the meeting.

ask

to ask someone to do something

"It's very hot in here. Would you mind opening the window?"
She asked him to open the window.

blame

to blame someone for doing something

"We lost the match because you didn't save that penalty."
He blamed the goalkeeper for losing the match.

complain
 to complain about something

"The electrician said he was coming at ten o'clock so I took time off work and waited in all morning...."
She complained about the electrician.

congratulate
 to congratulate someone on doing something

"Well done! I knew you'd pass your driving test this time."
She congratulated him on passing his driving test.

deny
 to deny doing something
to deny that...

"It most certainly wasn't me that left the front door open."
He denied leaving the front door open.
He denied that he had left the front door open.

explain
 to explain why...
to explain that...

"Sorry I'm late. The traffic was bad and then I couldn't find a parking space."
He explained why he was late.
He explained that the traffic was bad.

forget

to forget to do something

"Oh no, I haven't got any money. I didn't go to the bank."
He forgot to go to the bank.

invite

to invite someone to do something

"Would you like to come to our house for dinner on Friday?
He invited them to come to dinner on Friday.

offer

to offer to do something for someone

"Those bags must be heavy, John. Shall I take one?"
She offered to carry a bag for him.

promise
 to promise to do something

"Yes, honest, I'll be there on time. I won't be late."
He promised not to be late.

refuse
 to refuse to do something

"Well I'm not washing up. I did it last time."
He refused to do the washing-up.

remind

to remind someone to do something

"Remember you have to go to the bank. You forgot yesterday."
She reminded me to go to the bank.

suggest
 to suggest that someone should do something
to suggest that someone do something

"Why don't you go to the dentist if your tooth hurts?"
She suggested that he should go to the dentist.
She suggested that he went to the dentist.

threaten
 to threaten to do something

"If you're late again we'll start without you."
They threatened to start without him.

warn

to warn someone about something
to warn someone (not) to do something

"Don't drive too quickly. The streets are very icy."
He warned him about the ice.
He warned him not to drive too quickly.

http://valenciaenglish.netfirms.com/reporting.htm

                                                or

Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.
1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:

ask know remember

say see

2. Verbs followed by a that-clause:

add admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny

doubt estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat

reply report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn

3. Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:

decide expect guarantee hope

promise swear threaten

4. Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should
(but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):

advise beg demand

insist prefer propose

recommend request suggest

5. Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:

decide describe discover discuss explain forget guess

imagine know learn realise remember reveal say

see suggest teach tell think understand wonder

6. Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive

advise ask beg command

forbid instruct invite

teach tell warn

 http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/reporting_verbs.php

sentence connectors

İngilizce’deki cümle bağlaçları, cümleleri birbirine bağlayan, cümleler arasında geçişi sağlayan sözcüklerdir. Bunların cümlede çeşitli görevleri vardır. Şimdi bunları işlevlerine göre inceleyelim.
1. Contrast (zıtlık)
However
Brian is very hard-working. However, his brother is very lazy.Brian çok çalışkan. Bununla birlikte/gel gör ki/gelgelelim/buna mukabil, kardeşi çok tembel.
On the other hand
The job wasn’t very interesting, but on the other hand it was well-paid.İş pek ilginç değildi ama diğer taraftan/öte yandan parası iyiydi.
Conversely
Some wrong answers were marked right and, conversely, some right answers had been rejected.Bazı yanlış cevaplar doğru olarak işaretlenmişti, buna mukabil/diğer taraftan, bazı doğru cevaplar da yanlış kabul edilmişti.
In contrast
Extroverts like crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.Dışadönükler kalabalık severler. Buna mukabil/buna karşın, içedönükler yalnızlığı tercih ederler.
Nevertheless
It is a difficult race. Nevertheless, about 500 runners participate every year.Zor bir yarış. Bununla birlikte/yine de/buna rağmen her yıl yaklaşık 500 atlet (bu yarışa) katılır.
Nonetheless
My sister studied diligently for several months. Nonetheless she failed.Kızkardeşim aylarca çok çalıştı. Bununla birlikte/yine de/buna rağmen sınıfta kaldı.
Yet
The novel is 750 pages long, yet it reads more quickly than many shorter books.Roman 750 sayfa uzunluğunda ama/yine de/buna rağmen birçok kısa kitaptan daha çabuk okunuyor.
Even so
Crashes are rare, but even so, there should be stricker safety regulations.Kazalar nadiren oluyor ama yine de/buna rağmen daha sıkı güvenlik kurallarının olması lazım.
Still
I hadn’t seen her for 20 years. Still, I recognized her immediately when I saw her.Onu 20 yıl görmemiştim. Yine de/buna rağmen/bununla birlikte onu görünce hemen tanıdım.
In spite of this
My grandfather is 80 years old. In spite of this, he leads an active life.Büyükbabam 80 yaşında. Buna rağmen aktif bir yaşam sürüyor.
2. Result (sonuç)
As a consequence/result
She has lived in Spain, and as a consequence/result speaks Spanish fluently.İspanya’da yaşıyor ve bunun sonucu olarak/bu nedenle İspanyolca’yı akıcı konuşuyor.
Accordingly
No formal complaint was made; accordingly, the police took no action.Resmi bir şikayette bulunulmadı; bu yüzden polis işlem yapmadı.
Consequently
They’ve increased the number of staff and consequently the service is better.Personel sayısını artırdılar ve bunun sonucu olarak servis düzeldi.
Therefore
This is a binding contract. Therefore, we recommend that you review it with a lawyer.Bu, bağlayıcı bir sözleşme. Bu yüzden, bunu bir avukatla incelemenizi öneririz.
Thus
Someone had removed all the evidence. Thus, it was now impossible for the police to continue their investigation.Birisi bütün delilleri yok etmiş. Bu yüzden polisin soruşturmasına devam etmesi artık olanaksızdı.
Hence
Mr. Taylor is an outstanding teacher. Hence, he is highly respected.Bay Taylor seçkin bir öğretmendir. Bu yüzden son derece saygı görür.
3. Addition and listing (ekleme ve listeleme)
Besides
I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money.Alışverişe gitmek istemiyorum. Üstelik param yok.
Furthermore
He has earned the respect of farmers everywhere. Furthermore, they know they can trust him.Her yerde çiftçilerin saygısını kazandı. Ayrıca ona güvenebileceklerini biliyorlar.
Further
The new service will be considerably more expensive. Further, it will only be available in certain areas.Yeni hizmet, çok daha pahalı olacak. Üstelik/ayrıca/bundan başka, yalnızca belli bölgelerde kullanılabilecek.
Moreover
There is growing opposition to capital punishment. Moreover, there is now evidence that many executed prisoners were innocent.Ölüm cezasına, artan bir muhalefet var. Ayrıca/üstelik, idam edilmiş pek çok mahkumun masum olduğuna dair kanıt var.
Also
My brother plays basketball. Also, he runs a small hotel in the south.Kardeşim basketbol oynuyor. Ayrıca güneyde küçük bir otel işletiyor.
In addition
She is a famous novelist. In addition, she writes articles for a local newspaper.O, ünlü bir romancı. Ayrıca, yerel bir gazeteye makale yazıyor.
Firstly/Secondly/ThirdlyFirst/Second/ThirdIn the first place/In the second place/In the third place
There are several reasons why I don’t want to buy this car. Firstly/First/In the first place, it looks awful. Secondly/Second/In the second place, it is unreliable. Thirdly/Third/In the third place, İt is expensive.Bu arabayı almak istemeyişimin pek çok nedeni var. Birincisi, görüntüsü kötü. İkincisi, sağlam değil. Üçüncüsü, pahalı.
To begin with
What was it you didn’t like?Beğenmediğin neydi?/Neyi beğenmedin?Well, to begin with, our room was far too small. Şey, öncelikle/birincisi/her şeyden önce/bir kere, odamız küçücüktü.
4. Time (zaman)
Meanwhile
The hurricane will reach the island this evening. Meanwhile, residents are being evacuated.Kasırga bu akşam adaya ulaşacak. Bu arada, ada sakinleri tahliye ediliyor.
In the meantime
The party is Saturday, but in the meantime we have to shop and prepare the food.Parti cumartesi günü ama bu arada bizim alışverişe çıkıp yiyecekleri hazırlamamız lazım.
At first/Later
At first, I didn’t believe a word of his story. Later, I understood that he was telling the truth.Önce/başta anlattıklarının tek kelimesine inanmadım. Sonra doğru söylediğini anladım.
Then
First cook the onions, then add the mushrooms.Önce soğanları pişirin, sonra mantarları ekleyin.
Afterwards
I watched a film on TV. Afterwards I went out to meet my friends.Televizyonda bir film izledim. Daha sonra/ardından arkadaşlarla buluşmak için dışarı çıktım.
5. Exemplification (örnekleme)
For example/For instance
Women generally live longer than men. For example/for instance, in the USA life expectancy for women is 75, while it is 73 for men.Genellikle kadınlar erkeklerden uzun yaşar. Örneğin/mesela, ABD’de erkekler için ortalama ömür 73 iken kadınlar için 75’tir.
To illustrate
Floods can be highly destructive. To illustrate, the flood which occurred in Germany in 1962 devastated particularly the city of Hamburg, killing 315 people.Seller son derece yıkıcı olabilmektedirler. Örneğin/mesela/örneklemek gerekirse, 1962’de Almanya’da meydana gelen sel, özellikle Hamburg kentini mahvetmiş ve 315 kişinin ölümüne neden olmuştur.
6. Particularization (özellik bildirme)
In particular
Shopping in small markets is quite advantageous. In particular, one can find specialty items that larger stores do not contain.Küçük pazarlardan alışveriş yapmak avantajlıdır. Özellikle/bilhassa, insan, büyük mağazalarda olmayan özel ürünleri bulabilir.
Specifically
We had to arrange several details for the journey. Specifically, we had to make plane and train reservations as well as decide on the final itinerary.Yolculuk için birçok ayrıntıyı ayarlamak zorundaydık. Özellikle/bilhassa, nihai yolculuk programına karar vermenin yanı sıra uçak ve tren rezervasyonlarını da yapmak zorundaydık.
7. Explanation (açıklama)
That is (to say)
Some wines have proprietary names; that is (to say) their names were created by the producers.Bazı şaraplar sahiplerinin adlarını taşırlar; yani/şöyle ki, adları üreticileri tarafından konulmuştur.
Namely
Some groups, namely students and pensioners, will benefit from the new tax.Yeni vergiden bazı gruplar, yani öğrenciler ve emekliler, yararlanacak.
In other words
They asked him to leave; in other words he was fired.Ondan ayrılmasını istediler; başka bir deyişle/yani/anlayacağın kovuldu.
8. Similarity (benzerlik)
Likewise
You can’t teach navigation in the middle of a storm. Likewise, you can’t build a system of values in the current educational climate.Bir fırtınanın ortasında denizciliği öğretemezsiniz. Aynı biçimde, şu anki eğitim ortamında değerler sistemini inşa edemezsiniz.
Similarly
Cars must stop at red traffic lights; similarly, bicycles should stop, too.Arabaların kırmızı ışıkta durmaları gerekir; aynı biçimde bisikletlerin de durmaları gerekir.
Correspondingly
The service is better and correspondingly more expensive.Servis daha iyi ve buna bağlı olarak/paralel olarak daha pahalı.
By the same token
I don’t think that prices will go up really sharply but, by the same token, I don’t see them going down much lower either.Fiyatların gerçekten çok artacağını sanmıyorum ama aynı biçimde, daha düşeceklerini de öngörmüyorum.
9. Emphasis (vurgu)
In fact
He is quite rich. In fact, he is one of the richest people in England.Bayağı zengin. Aslında/Aslına bakılırsa, İngiltere’nin en zenginlerinden.
As a matter of fact
I like swimming. As a matter of fact, it is my favourite pastime.Yüzmeyi severim. Aslında/Aslına bakılırsa, yüzme benim en sevdiğim uğraşım.
Indeed
Brian is a very talented musician. Indeed, he has an extraordinary gift for music.Brian çok yetenekli bir müzisyen. Aslında/Doğrusu, müziğe karşı olağanüstü bir yeteneği var.
10. Refutation (aksini söyleme, çürütme)
On the contrary
‘The party must have been terrible.’ ‘On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute.’‘Parti kesin berbattı.’ ‘Aksine/Tam tersine her dakikasından zevk aldım.’
11. Reformulation (farklı açıklama yapma)
In other words
They asked him to leave. In other words, he was fired.Ondan ayrılmasını istediler. Başka bir deyişle/ifadeyle, kovuldu.
12. Correction (doğrulama)
Rather
This system must be improved. Rather, it must be thoroughly changed.Bu sistem düzeltilmeli. Daha doğrusu, tamamen değiştirilmeli.
In the end, she had to walk__or rather run__to the office.Sonunda ofise yürümek__daha doğrusu_koşmak zorunda kaldı.
To be (more) precise
The shelf is about a metre long__well 98 cm, to be precise.Rafın uzunluğu yaklaşık bir metre__tam söylemek gerekirse/tam olarak 98 cm.
13. Transition (geçiş)
As for
As for the festival itself, it is a joyful celebration of the traditions of this city.Festivale gelince, (festival) bu kentin geleneklerinin coşkulu bir kutlaması.
As far as … is concerned
I make the decisions as far as finance is concerned.Finans konusunda/Finansa gelince kararları ben veriyorum.
Regarding
Call me if you have any problems regarding your work.İşinle ilgili herhangi bir sorunun olursa beni ara.
With respect to
The two groups were similar with respect to income and status.İki grup, gelir ve statü bakımından birbirlerine benziyordu.
As regards
As regards the potential energy crisis__why aren’t we putting money into serious alternative sources of energy?Muhtemel enerji krizi ile ilgili olarak niye ciddi alternatif enerji kaynaklarına para yatırmıyoruz?
With regard to
With regard to quality, Samsung is far better than Crea.Kalite bakımından/Kaliteye gelince Samsung, Crea’dan çok daha iyidir.
14. Alternative (alternatif)
Alternatively
The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.Acente, sizin için seyahat ayarlamalarını yapacak. Alternatif olarak/İsterseniz kendi ulaşımınızı kendiniz organize edebilirsiniz.
15. Negative condition (olumsuz koşul)
Or else
I must leave now, or else I will be late for the meeting.Şimdi çıkmam lazım, yoksa toplantıya geç kalacağım.
Otherwise
My parents lent me the money. Otherwise I couldn’t have afforded the trip.Parayı bana annemle babam verdi. Yoksa/Aksi takdirde geziyi karşılayamazdım.
16. Summation/Conclusion (özet, sonuç)
In conclusion
The system lacked originality and efficiency. In conclusion, it was a complete failure.Sistem, orijinallikten ve verimlilikten yoksundu. Sonuç olarak, tam bir başarısızlıktı.
In short
His novels belong to a great but vanished age. In short, they are old-fashioned.Romanları, büyük ama yok olmuş bir çağa ait. Kısacası, demodeler.
In brief
The plan is to change the radio station’s style; in brief less talk and more music.Plan, radyo istasyonunun tarzını değiştirecek; kısacası, özetle az konuşma çok müzik.
In summary
The music was bad and the singer was inexperienced. In summary it was a disappointing performance.Müzik kötüydü ve şarkıcı acemiydi. Kısacası konser hayal kırıklığı yarattı.
All in all
Dr. David Bellamy, who was the guest speaker, gave an interesting and important talk on AIDS. All in all it was a very successful conference.Konuk konuşmacı olan Dr. David Bellamy, AIDS konusunda ilginç ve önemli bir konuşma yaptı. Sonuç olarak çok başarılı bir konferans oldu.
To sum up
To sum up, there are three main ways of tackling this problem.Özetle, bu sorunu ele almanın üç temel yolu var.

hearsay reporting

Hearsay reports describe what people say, report, believe, think, consider, know, etc., and are often used in news reporting. They are introduced by a passive form of the report verb, either in present simple or past simple form with a to-infinitive. The report can refer to the present or past, or a time before the time of reporting. Different forms of the infinitive are used to show the relation of the report to the report verb:

e.g. The patient is said to be as well as can be expected. (That’s what people say now about the present situation).

The robbers are thought to have stolen more than £3 million. (That’s what people say now about the past situation).

Last week the Prime Minister was said to be undecided (That’s what people said in the past about the situation then).

Mr Smith was believed to have taken the car by mistake (That’s what people said then about something that had happened earlier).

13. Rewrite each sentence so that it begins with the words underlined.

1 People say that the company's European division is having a good year.

2 In contrast, they say that the Far East division has been suffering from rising costs.

3 People believe that the company has been talking to a competitor about a possible merger.

4 People know some directors have been thinking on these lines for some time.

5 People believe the CEO. Carl Graham, is making an attempt to focus the business more sharply in some areas.

6 People say he is also looking at the possibility of job cuts.

7 People think the company is holding a top-level meeting about these matters next week.

14. Complete the sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.

A)

1 It is said that house prices are too high.

House prices....................................................................................................

2 It is thought that the hospital is short of money.

The hospital.......................................................................................... ,.........

3 It was alleged that the athlete had cheated.

The athlete.......................................................................................................

4 It is reported that the prime minister is resigning.

The prime minister..........................................................................................

5 It is expected that the new sports stadium will be finished soon.

The new sports stadium..................................................................................

6 It is generally considered that sixteen is too young to get married.

Sixteen.............................................................................................................

7 It was thought that the book had been destroyed.

The book.........................................................................................................

8 It is believed that the children had been hiding for two weeks.

The children....................................................................................................

B)

1 Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which people think is the site of buried treasure.

Oak Island in Canada is one of many places in the world which …….........

2 People say that the treasure is in a place called 'the money pit'.

The treasure ………………………………………………

3 People think that pirates buried the treasure centuries ago.

Pirates ………………………………………………………

4 The money pit story dates back to 1795, when people report that a local youth fell into a hole at the foot of a large tree.

The money pit story dates back to 1795, when a local youth………………

5 People believe that he and a friend discovered traces of treasure in the hole.

He and a friend ………………………………………….

6 People say that the two men found a treasure chest in later excavations.

The two men …………………………………………….

7 However, before they could open the chest, people say that water flooded in.

However, before they could open the chest, water ………………………..

8 Since then, people believe that more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters have searched for the treasure.

Since then, more than a dozen groups of treasure hunters …………………..

9 People think that some explorers found old pieces of metal in the hole.

Some explorers ……………………………………….

10 However, people now report that the pit is a natural phenomenon, or the remains of old colonial fortifications.

However, the pit is now………………………

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Even

USE

When a strong statement is made, the statement is often followed with an example containing "even." The word "even" adds shock, surprise, or excitement to the example.

Examples:

• He loses everything. He even lost his own wedding ring! (Her şeyini kaybetti. Evlilik yüzüğünü bile)
• John has amnesia, and he can't remember anything about the past. He can't even remember his own name! (Adını bile hatırlamıyor.)
• He could become anything. He could even become President of the United States!
• I love that author, and I have all of his books - even the ones which are out of print.

Even though Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob always studied hard. But, unfortunately, he failed the tests.

Even when Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob occassionally studied hard, but it didn't really make a difference. Every time he studied, he still failed.

Even if Bob studied very hard, he still failed his French tests.
Bob didn't normally study very hard. But in the rare situation when he did try to study hard, he still failed the test.

• Jerry is never happy. Even though you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You do everything his way, but he is still dissatisfied.
• Jerry is never happy. Even when you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You sometimes try doing things his way, but he is still dissatisfied.
• Jerry is never happy. Even if you do everything his way, he is still dissatisfied.
  You have tried doing things his way once or twice , but it makes no difference because he is still dissatisfied.

IMPORTANT

These expressions are not always interchangeable; the context of the sentence will affect your choice:

• "Even though" is used when something is always done or a fact is mentioned.
• "Even when" is used when something is occasionally done.
• "Even if" is used when something is rarely done or just imagined.

Even So

USE

"Even so" is very much like the word "but" or "however." "Even so" is different in that it is used with surprising or unexpected results.

Examples:

• She is loud and unfriendly. Even so, I like her.
  She is loud and unfriendly, so it is unexpected that I like her.
• The bed is extremely large and heavy. Even so, Jim managed to carry it into the house by himself.
  It is unexpected that Jim could carry the bed by himself.
• Jane was sick for a couple days in Los Angeles. Even so, she said her trip to the United States was great.
  If she was sick, it is unexpected that she enjoyed her trip.

http://www.englishpage.com/minitutorials/even.html

AS

Like and as are often confused in English. They can both be used to talk about how things are similar.

Like is followed by a noun or pronoun. For example, "I'm like my sister", or "Like my sister, I have brown eyes."
As is followed by a subject and verb. For example, "She's a good student, as her brother was before her."
However, in spoken English, like is often used instead of as. "She's a good student, like her brother was before her."
As is used with a preposition, such as, "As in the 1960's, the population explosion will cause some problems."
We can use as in certain expressions, such as "as you know", "as you requested", "as we agreed".
We also use as…..as to give comparisons. For example, "He's as clever as his sister."

http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/like-and-as/

used for comparing one person, thing, or situation with another

as...as:

Simon isn’t as tall as his brother.

I don’t play football as much as I used to.

I can’t run as fast as you.

just as:

We all need regular exercise, but a healthy diet is just as important.

half/twice/three times etc as much:

A house in London costs twice as much as a similar house in Liverpool.

the same as:

1 .Barbara’s suggestion was almost exactly the same as mine.

used in particular expressions for emphasizing a quality in someone or something

Her skin was white as snow. (Cildi kar gibi beyaz.)

as tough as old boots

2 spoken used for mentioning that something is already known or has already been talked about

As I was saying, we expect next year to be a good year.

As everyone knows, the farming industry is in serious difficulties. (herkesin bildiği gibi, ...)

3. used for saying that something happens or is done in the same way

I invested the money as you suggested.

Leave everything just as you found it. (herşeyi bulduğun gibi bırak.)

as usual:

Judith was late, as usual. (her zamanki gibi)

4. used for referring to what someone or something does or how they appear

As managing director, I am expected to provide effective leadership. (Yönetici olarak, ....)

5. used for saying that something happens at the same time as something else

As we were sitting down to dinner, the phone rang.

 (When  ya da while gibi kullanılır.)

6. used for giving the reason for something

As it was getting late, we decided to go home. (because gibi kullanılır.)

as for

used for introducing a subject that is related to what you have just been talking  (Yeni bir konuya geçerken. Mesela örnekte olduğu gibi önceden başkaları tasvir edilmiş. Ve sonra şöyle devam edilmiş. Çocuklara gelince, onlar...)

As for the children, they were happy enough to spend all day on the beach.

as if

1. in such a way that something seems to be true
   

   It looks as if it’s going to rain. (Yağmur yağacakmış gibi gözüküyor.)

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/as

omission of relative pronouns

RELATIVE pronoun introduces a relative clause, and it usually has the immediately preceding noun or noun substitute as its antecedent. (Relative pronoun -who,which and so on- tanıtacağı isimden hemen sonra gelir. Ve bunlar bazen silinebilir ve cümle hala dilbilgisi kurallarına uygundur.)
The relative pronouns who, whom, which and that can be omitted (that is, they are treated as understood) when they function as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Let us look at the following three sentences:

(a) He donated some money to a charity that he greatly admired. (“That” is the object of the verb “admired”, so it can be omitted = He donated some money to a charity he greatly admired.)
BURADA OLDUĞU GİBİ RELATIVE PRONOUN DAN SONRA CÜMLE GELİRSE REL. PR. SİLİNEBİLİR. BUNU NASIL ANLARSIN? ÖZNE VE ÇEKİMLİ FİİLİN VARLIĞINI TESPİT EDEREK.

(b) The man whom she quarrelled with was her ex-boyfriend. (“Whom” is the object of the preposition “with”, so it can be omitted = The man she quarrelled with was her ex-boyfriend. However, “whom” cannot be omitted if it is preceded by the preposition: The man with whom she quarrelled was her ex-boyfriend.)

(c) She avoids foods that are too spicy. (“That” is the subject of the verb “are”, so it cannot be omitted.)

Can you identify the relative pronouns that can be omitted in the sentences below? AŞAĞIDA VERİLEN CÜMLELERİN HANGİSİNDE RELATIVE PR. SİLİNEBİLİR?

1. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw parties.

2. My best friend, who is a lawyer, has decided to name her daughter Sue.

3. Drinking is a habit that I detest.

4. The best gift to give a person who has everything is a burglar alarm.

5. A smart husband is one who thinks twice before saying nothing.

6. He is no lawyer who cannot take two sides. (Charles Lamb)

7. Love is a game that two can play and both win. (Eva Gabor)

8. Kindness is one thing which you can’t give away – it comes back to you. (Unknown)

9. She was the good Samaritan who helped me yesterday.

10. He’s the famous ventriloquist whom I told you about.

Answers

The relative pronouns in sentences 3, 7, 8 and 10 can be omitted.



http://thestar.com.my/english/story.asp?file=/2008/8/1/lifefocus/1597593&sec=lifefocus

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds and Infinitives
İsim fiiller ve mastarlar
A gerund is a noun formed from a verb with an –ing ending.
Gerunds have several functions:
Bir isim fiil, bir fiilin sonuna -ing eki getirilmesiyle oluşturulur.
İsim fiillerin birkaç kullanım alanı vardır.

Uses of Gerunds İsim fillerin kullanım alanları
as the subject özne olarak	Horse-racing is his favorite activity. At yarışı onun en sevdiği etkinliktir.Smoking is hazardous to health. Sigara içmek sağlığa zararlıdır.
as the subject özne olarak	Mary loves eating chocolates very much. Mary çikolota yemeyi çok seviyor.The soldiers practice shooting everyday. Askerler her gün atış talimi yapıyorlar.
after prepositions edatlardan sonra	Mary is very fond of playing basketball. Mary basketbol oynamaya düşkündür.Children are bored of playing with the sand. Çocuklar Kumla oynamaktan sıkılmış durumdalar.
after a possessive pronoun bir iyelik zamirinden sonra	Excuse my disturbing you. Sizi rahatsız etmemi mazur görünüz.Their friends clapped at her receiving the first prize. Birincilik ödülünü alınca, arkadaşları onu alkışladılar.
as the complement of the verb "to be" “to be” fiilinin tamamlayıcısı olarak	My hobby is collecting stamps. Benim hobim pul toplamaktır. Your work is answering telephone calls. Senin işin telefonlara cevap vermektir.

Here are some more examples:
The students try to avoid making the mistakes again.
Öğrenciler aynı hatayı tekrar yapmaktan kaçınmaya çalışıyorlar.
I can't stand waiting here for such a long time.
Burada bu kadar uzun bir sure beklemeye dayanamıyorum.
May denied having broken the vase.
May vazoyu kırdığını inkar etti.
The children have finished doing their work.
Çocuklar ödevlerini yapmayı bitirdiler.
The students suggest going for a picnic the next day.
Öğrenciler ertesi gün bir pikniğe gitmeyi teklif ettiler.
I can't tolerate his coming late again.
Yine geç kalmasına tolerans gösteremem.
These verbs are commonly followed by gerunds
Bu fiillerden sonra genellikle isim fiiller gelir

admit	advice	anticipate	appreciate	attempt	avoid
begin	can't help	complete	consider	delay	deny
discuss	dislike	enjoy	finish	forget	go
hate	hasitate	imagine	intend	keep	like
love	mention	mind	miss	neglect	postpone
practice	prefer	quit	recall	recollect	recommend
regret	remember	resent	resist	risk	start
stop	suggest	threaten	tolerate	try	understand

Infinitives
Mastarlar
An infinitive is the simple form of the verb, usually prefaced by the word to.
Mastar fiilin yalın halidir, genellikle fiilin önüne to kelimesi getirilerek oluşturulur.

Uses of Infinitives Mastarların kullanımları
as the subject özne olarak	To win was my hope and my dream. Kazanmak benim umudum ve rüyamdı.To bake a cake for the party is the father's task. Parti için bir pasta pişirmek babanın görevidir.
as the object nesne olarak	I hope to succeed. Başarmayı ümit ediyorum.I want to go home. Eve gitmek istiyorum.
after adjectives sıfatlardan sonra	It is good to talk. Konuşmak iyidir. He was unwilling to share his knowledge with others. Bilgisini diğer insanlarla paylaşmaya isteksizdi.
after an adjective + noun bir sıfat + isimden sonra	This is the right thing to do. Bu yapılması doğru olan şeydir.It was an astonishing way to behave. Bu şaşırtıcı bir şekilde davranmaktı.
used as a shortened form of “in order to” “in order to” ifadesinin kısaltılmışı olarak	You must take this medicine (in order) to get well. İyileşmek için bu ilacı almalısın.She studies a lot (in order) to get good grades. İyi notlar almak için çok çalışır.

Here are some more examples:
Daha fazla örnek:
To argue seems a pointless undertaking.
Tartışmak anlamsız bir girişim gibi gözüküyor.
It appears insensitive to reject the request outright.
Talebi tamamıyla reddetmenin duyarsızlık olduğu görülüyor.
The opportunity to play in the Premier League is too great to resist.
Premier Lig’de oynama fırsatına direnilmesi çok güç bir şey.
She was dismayed to find the bird gone.
Kuşun gittiğini görünce umutsuzluğa kapıldı.
They are eager for us to watch the game.
Oyunu izlememiz için can atıyorlar.
He began to realise what they meant.
Ne demek istediklerini anlamaya başladı.
He can't decide whether to wear the King Kong or Dracula costume to the party.
Partiye King Kong kostümü mü Drakula kostümü mü giyeceğine karar veremez.
These verbs are commonly followed by infinitives
Bu fiillerden sonra genellikle mastarlar kullanılır

afford	agree	appear	arrange	attempt	ask
beg	begin	care	choose	claim	consent
decide	demand	desire	expect	fail	deserve
forget	go	happen	hate	hasitate	hope
intend	know	learn	like	love	manage
mean	need	neglect	offer	plan	prefer
prepare	pretend	promise	refuse	regret	remember
seem	start	stop	struggle	swear	tend
threaten	try	volunteer	wait	want	wish

Infinitive-gerund comparison with some examples
Bazı örneklerle mastar - isim fiil karşılaştırması

	Infinitive Mastar	Gerund İsim fiil
Remember hatırlamak	Indicates the recalling of an action that one has to do in the future. Bir kişinin gelecekte yapacağı bir işi hatırlaması.I must remember to telephone Tom tonight. Bu gece Tom’a telefon etmeyi hatırlamalıyım	Indicates the recalling of an event that has already taken place. Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olayın hatırlanması.I remember telephoning Tom last week to arrange a meeting. Geçen hafta bir buluşma ayarlamak için Tom’a telefon ettiğimi hatırlıyorum.
Regret Pişman olmak, üzgün olmak	IIndicates the regretting of an action that is going to happen. Gelecekte gerçekleşecek bir eylemden ötürü üzgün olmayı ifade eder.We regret to notify you of the news. Size haberi vermekten ötürü üzgünüz.	Indicates the regretting of an event that has already taken place. Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş bir olaydan ötürü pişmanlık hissedildiğini ifade eder.I regret lending her the book. Kitabı ona verdiğim için pişmanım.
Stop Dur	Indicates the temporary stopping of a current action in order to do another action. Süregelen bir eylemin, başka bir eylemi gerçekleştirmek üzere bir süreliğine durdurulduğunu ifade eder.Seeing that there was an accident, Mr. Ho stopped to inform the police. Bir kaza olduğunu görünce, Bay Ho polisi bilgilendirmek üzere durdu.	Indicates the stopping of a current action. Bir eylemin sona erdiğini anlatır."Stop talking!" Ann shouted. Ann “Konuşmayı kesin!” diye bağırdı.